Problemas productivos y reproductivos por deficiencias minerales en bovinos de algunas regiones tropicales de México

Los minerales son considerados nutrientes esenciales para el organismo. En las zonas tropicales de México, se presenta una problemática de calidad de los forrajes, su contenido de proteína y aporte de minerales son bajos. Las condiciones climáticas influyen en el contenido de minerales en el suelo, plantas y en los animales. Se reportan bajos contenidos de Ca, P, Zn, Se, I y Cu, en la relación suelo-planta-animal. La presencia de algunas enfermedades carenciales se refleja con baja producción de leche y carne, hay efectos negativos en la fertilidad, abortos, baja calidad de semen, retención de placenta, partos distócicos, entre otros. Es importante suplementar los minerales carenciales en el ganado, con el propósito de mejorar la eficiencia productiva. Se debe evitar el exceso de minerales para prevenir efectos contaminantes al ambient

Nucleolus: the fascinating nuclear body

Nucleoli are the prominent contrasted structures of the cell nucleus. In the nucleolus, ribosomal RNAs are synthesized, processed and assembled with ribosomal proteins. RNA polymerase I synthesizes the ribosomal RNAs and this activity is cell cycle regulated. The nucleolus reveals the functional organization of the nucleus in which the compartmentation of the different steps of ribosome biogenesis is observed whereas the nucleolar machineries are in permanent exchange with the nucleoplasm and other nuclear bodies. After mitosis, nucleolar assembly is a time and space regulated process controlled by the cell cycle. In addition, by generating a large volume in the nucleus with apparently no RNA polymerase II activity, the nucleolus creates a domain of retention/sequestration of molecules normally active outside the nucleolus. Viruses interact with the nucleolus and recruit nucleolar proteins to facilitate virus replication. The nucleolus is also a sensor of stress due to the redistribution of the ribosomal proteins in the nucleoplasm by nucleolus disruption. The nucleolus plays several crucial functions in the nucleus: in addition to its function as ribosome factory of the cells it is a multifunctional nuclear domain, and nucleolar activity is linked with several pathologies. Perspectives on the evolution of this research area are proposed

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8–13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05–6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50–75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life. Funding Pfizer, Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi–Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

4to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

Este volumen acoge la memoria académica de la Cuarta edición del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2017, desarrollado entre el 29 de noviembre y el 1 de diciembre de 2017 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) en su sede de Guayaquil. El Congreso ofreció un espacio para la presentación, difusión e intercambio de importantes investigaciones nacionales e internacionales ante la comunidad universitaria que se dio cita en el encuentro. El uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la gestión de los trabajos de investigación como la plataforma Open Conference Systems y la web de presentación del Congreso http://citis.blog.ups.edu.ec/, hicieron de CITIS 2017 un verdadero referente entre los congresos que se desarrollaron en el país. La preocupación de nuestra Universidad, de presentar espacios que ayuden a generar nuevos y mejores cambios en la dimensión humana y social de nuestro entorno, hace que se persiga en cada edición del evento la presentación de trabajos con calidad creciente en cuanto a su producción científica. Quienes estuvimos al frente de la organización, dejamos plasmado en estas memorias académicas el intenso y prolífico trabajo de los días de realización del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad al alcance de todos y todas

La Nanoquímica, una disciplina en continuo progreso

El objetivo de esta investigación fue enfatizar el papel que ha jugado el avance de la nanoquímica, en la obtención de nanomateriales aplicados en diferentes ámbitos. Como forma de lograr este propósito, se realizó una revisión documental-bibliográfica de diversas fuentes relacionadas con el objeto de estudio. La metodología se enmarcó en el análisis de contenido. Para la selección del material bibliográfico, se asumieron criterios de calidad metodológica y científica, aportes y años de publicación desde 2015 a 2020. Como técnica principal de recopilación de información se utilizó la búsqueda avanzada a través de descriptores clave. La población total fue de 15 documentos que permitieron desarrollar el estudio y, mediante el muestreo intencional, la muestra de análisis quedó conformada por seis (06) fuentes. Los resultados obtenidos dan cuenta de que la nanoquímica, tiene aplicaciones como: nanopartículas de plata, las Ag-NP’s, para el tratamiento de agua, la industria de pinturas, dispositivos médicos, entre otros y en la química verde. Las nanopartículas de upconversion (UCNP), compuestas por nanocristales inorgánicos que contienen lantánidos, como NaYF4 codopados con cationes lantánidos (como Er3+, Yb3+, Tm3+…), son de gran interés en campos como en seguridad, fotocatálisis fabricación de celdas solares o sensores y, especialmente, en biomedicina (bioimagen, terapia fotodinámica…) Se concluyó que: La nanotecnología, ha conducido a la aparición de diversas especialidades, como la nanoquímica, que a través de la manipulación de las  estructuras moleculares y sus átomos, ha logrado la expansión y la evolución en muchos aspectos que permitirán una mejora en la vida de muchas personas

Fuentes alternativas para la producción de biocombustibles

El propósito de esta investigación fue analizar las tendencias en la producción de biocombustible como opción viable a ser empleada en Ecuador, para ello se desarrolló este artículo de revisión desde el paradigma cualitativo. El método empleado fue el inductivo. La metodología fue de revisión documental de carácter descriptivo. La población estuvo conformada por entre 15-25 documentos (artículos, trabajos de investigación, libros) de los cuales se extrajo una muestra intencional de seis artículos atendiendo a criterios preestablecidos.  Como técnica se empleó el fichaje y el instrumento de recolección de datos consistió en fichas de registro bibliográfico y hemerográficas y fichas de contenido. Se encontró que la principal materia prima para la obtención de biocombustibles fueron aquellos clasificados como de primera y segunda generación. En Ecuador el aceite de Higuerilla y de la Palma Africana fueron los de mayor frecuencia; sin embargo a nivel de Latinoamérica el maíz, la caña de azúcar, las conchas de maní y café han sido consideradas como productos a ser empleados como fuentes de biocombustible. Se concluye que la inversión tecnológica y el compromiso gubernamental deben ser las acciones que impulsen la consolidación del uso de biocombustibles en Ecuador. La investigación que lleve a la diversificación de materia prima para la generación de energía debería considerarse como priorida