Phenothiazine

Phenothiazine or thiodiphenylamine as it is known chemically, has been a recognized chemical entity since 1885. It was not until 1935, however, that it was first used as an insecticide. In 1938, research was begun testing it as an anthelmintic. Phenothiazine is a coal tar derivative related chemically to the miracle drug sulfanilamide and is made by combining diphenylamine with sulfur. Phenothiazine is the mother substance of the two well-known dyes, Lauth\u27s violet and methylene blue

The state-of-the-art on Intellectual Property Analytics (IPA): A literature review on artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning methods for analysing intellectual property (IP) data

Big data is increasingly available in all areas of manufacturing and operations, which presents an opportunity for better decision making and discovery of the next generation of innovative technologies. Recently, there have been substantial developments in the field of patent analytics, which describes the science of analysing large amounts of patent information to discover trends. We define Intellectual Property Analytics (IPA) as the data science of analysing large amount of IP information, to discover relationships, trends and patterns for decision making. In this paper, we contribute to the ongoing discussion on the use of intellectual property analytics methods, i.e artificial intelligence methods, machine learning and deep learning approaches, to analyse intellectual property data. This literature review follows a narrative approach with search strategy, where we present the state-of-the-art in intellectual property analytics by reviewing 57 recent articles. The bibliographic information of the articles are analysed, followed by a discussion of the articles divided in four main categories: knowledge management, technology management, economic value, and extraction and effective management of information. We hope research scholars and industrial users, may find this review helpful when searching for the latest research efforts pertaining to intellectual property analytics.The authors would like to acknowledge support of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)

Stage Gate Decision Making: A Scoping Review of Technology Strategic Selection Criteria for Early-Stage Projects

Innovation is a hybrid concept that has evolved over time and adapts itself to changing condition. It plays a major role in the growth and economic competitiveness of firms, and consequently, firms invest in innovation to build knowledge and thus increase competitive advantage. Front End of Innovation (FEI) projects, and in particular technology development projects, are therefore a fundamental component of innovation and a crucial factor in developing new competitive advantage. To effectively and objectively manage and evaluate these early stage technology projects, which are by nature uncertain, a number of firms deploy some form of stage gate processes, utilizing strategic decision criteria. Via a descriptive scoping literature review, we identify 46 articles, which contain 473 uniquely identified strategic selection criteria that can fit in 9 categories. We find that technical feasibility is the most frequently occurring unique selection criteria, whereas the market category is the largest category by size of unique individual criteria with 23.3% of the share total. In this research, we contribute to the on-going discussion about early stage technology projects and their effective evaluation using strategic technology selection criteria. The summary of criteria provided with definitions may serve as guidelines for technology and innovation managers.EPSRC DTP Studentship for Ph

Перспективы использования термофильного режима в биогазовой технологии по переработке отходов сельского хозяйства

В данной статье рассматриваются биогазовые установки для переработки отходов сельского хозяйства и описываются базовые элементы их различных конструкций. Кроме того, рассматриваются режимы биогазовой технологии, из которых оптимальным и перспективным для Томской области является термофильный режим, который позволяет снизить капитальные затраты на производство биогазовой установки, снизить энергетические затраты на подогрев и поддержание температуры субстрата установки и получить экологически чистые биоудобрения и биогаз. This article looks at biogas plants for processing agricultural waste and outlines the basic elements of various designs. It also covers modes of biogas technology, from which the best and promising for the Tomsk region is thermophilic mode, which reduces the capital expenditure on the biogas plant, to reduce energy costs for heating and maintenance of the installation of the substrate temperature and obtain eco-friendly bio-fertilizer and biogas

Effect of antiorthostatic BedRest (BR) on GastroIntestinal Motility (GIM) of normal subjects

The combined effects of postural changes, fluid shifts and diuresis associated with the absence of the gravity vector may decrease gastrointestinal motility (GIM) during space flight. GIM can be estimated from the mouth to cecum transit time (MCTT) of orally administered lactulose (LAC); this test is used to assess changes in GIM in normal subjects and in patients with GI pathology and related disease conditions. Since bedrest (BR) mimics some of the physiological changes that occur during space flight, the effect of ten days of BR on GIM was evaluated from the MCTT of LAC. Methods: Subjects were 12 nonsmoking males between the ages of 35 and 50. After an 8-10 hour fast, subjects ingested Cephulac (registered) (20 g solution) with a low-fiber breakfast on four different days (45, 30, 25, and 20) before BR and on three separate days (4, 7, and 10) during BR. Breath-H2 concentrations were measured before and at 10 minute intervals for 4 hours after breakfast using a Quintron breathalyzer and MCTT was determined from these data. Results: MCTT ranged between 10 and 122 minutes during ambulation and 80 to 120 minutes during BR with means of 79 minutes and 122 minutes respectively. Conclusion: Mean MCTT during BR was 54 percent longer than during ambulation, suggesting that absorption and availability of orally administered medications and nutrients may be delayed or impaired as a result of decreased GIM during bedrest

Atropselective syntheses of (-) and (+) rugulotrosin A utilizing point-to-axial chirality transfer

Chiral, dimeric natural products containing complex structures and interesting biological properties have inspired chemists and biologists for decades. A seven-step total synthesis of the axially chiral, dimeric tetrahydroxanthone natural product rugulotrosin A is described. The synthesis employs a one-pot Suzuki coupling/dimerization to generate the requisite 2,2'-biaryl linkage. Highly selective point-to-axial chirality transfer was achieved using palladium catalysis with achiral phosphine ligands. Single X-ray crystal diffraction data were obtained to confirm both the atropisomeric configuration and absolute stereochemistry of rugulotrosin A. Computational studies are described to rationalize the atropselectivity observed in the key dimerization step. Comparison of the crude fungal extract with synthetic rugulotrosin A and its atropisomer verified that nature generates a single atropisomer of the natural product.P50 GM067041 - NIGMS NIH HHS; R01 GM099920 - NIGMS NIH HHS; GM-067041 - NIGMS NIH HHS; GM-099920 - NIGMS NIH HH

Feel the heat: Nonlinear electrothermal feedback in organic LEDs

For lighting applications, Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) need much higher brightness than for displays, leading to self-heating. Due to the temperature-activated transport in organic semiconductors, this can result in brightness inhomogeneities and catastrophic failure. Here, we show that due to the strong electrothermal feedback of OLEDs, the common spatial current and voltage distribution is completely changed, requiring advanced device modeling and operation concepts. Our study clearly demonstrates the effect of negative differential resistance (NDR) in OLEDs induced by self-heating. As a consequence, for increasing voltage, regions with declining voltages are propagating through the device, and even more interestingly, a part of these regions show even decreasing currents, leading to strong local variation in luminance. The expected breakthrough of OLED lighting technology will require an improved price performance ratio, and the realization of modules with very high brightness but untainted appearance is considered to be an essential step into this direction. Thus, a deeper understanding of the control of electrothermal feedback will help to make OLEDs in lighting more competitive

Rumen bacterial composition in lambs is affected by β-adrenergic agonist supplementation and heat stress at the phylum level

The rumen has several important physiological functions, including absorption, transport, metabolic activity, and host protection (Roh et al., 2007). The rumen is extensively researched due to the importance of ruminants in agriculture and the major role played by rumen microbes in nutrient utilization and health of the ruminant animal. The microbial community of the rumen is altered by diet (McCann et al., 2014), age (Jami et al., 2013), and environment

Case Report: Hemispherotomy in the First Days of Life to Treat Drug-Resistant Lesional Epilepsy

Background: Neonatal drug-resistant epilepsy is often caused by perinatal epileptogenic insults such as stroke, ischemia, hemorrhage, and/or genetic defects. Rapid seizure control is particularly important for cognitive development. Since early surgical intervention and thus a short duration of epilepsy should lead to an optimal developmental outcome, we present our experience with hemispherotomy in an infant at the corrected age of 1 week. Methods: We report successful hemispherotomy for drug-resistant epilepsy in an infant with hemimegalencephaly at a corrected age of 1 week. Results: The infant was diagnosed with drug-resistant lesional epilepsy due to hemimegalencephaly affecting the left hemisphere. Given congruent electroclinical findings, we performed a left vertical parasagittal transventricular hemispherotomy after critical interdisciplinary discussion. No complications occurred during the surgery. Intraoperatively; 118 ml of red blood cells (30 ml/kg) and 80 ml of plasma were transfused. The patient has been seizure-free since discharge without further neurological deficits. Conclusion: We demonstrate that early epilepsy surgery is a safe procedure in very young infants if performed in a specialized center experienced with age-specific surgical conditions and perioperative management. The specific surgical difficulties should be weighed against the risk of life-long developmental drawbacks of ongoing detrimental epilepsy