On stability and spiral patterns in polar disks

To investigate the stability properties of polar disks we performed two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations for flat polytropic gaseous self-gravitating disks which were perturbed by a central S0-like component. Our disk was constructed to resemble that of the proto-typical galaxy NGC 4650A. This central perturbation induces initially a stationary two-armed tightly-wound leading spiral in the polar disk. For a hot disk (Toomre parameter Q>1.7), the structure does not change over the simulation time of 4.5 Gyr. In case of colder disks, the self-gravity of the spiral becomes dominant, it decouples from the central perturbation and grows, until reaching a saturation stage in which an open trailing spiral is formed, rather similar to that observed in NGC4650A. The timescale for developing non-linear structures is 1-2 Gyr; saturation is reached within 2-3 Gyr. The main parameter controlling the structure formation is the Toomre parameter. The results are surprisingly insensitive to the properties of the central component. If the polar disk is much less massive than that in NGC4650A, it forms a weaker tightly-wound spiral, similar to that seen in dust absorption in the dust disk of NGC2787. Our results are derived for a polytropic equation of state, but appear to be generic as the adiabatic exponent is varied between \gamma = 1 (isothermal) and \gamma = 2 (very stiff).Comment: 14 pages including 23 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

An Experimental and Analytical Approach to Understanding the Dynamic Leaching from Municipal Solid Waste Combustion Residue

This paper describes an experimental technique involving the use of small columns for generating significant quantities of leachate data from municipal solid waste (MSW) solid residues within a relatively short amount of time. Data analysis using the discretized mass balance equations descriptive of the system results in best estimates of governing transport parameters that can, in turn, be used to predict the long-term release of leachable components (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4) from the solid matrix. Results indicate that both chemical solubility and physical transport are important factors affecting the flux of contaminants from the solid to the solution phase

Dipole Bound Excited States of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons containing Nitrogen and their Relation to the Interstellar Medium

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most abundant type of molecule present in the interstellar medium (ISM). It has been hypothesized that nitrogen replacement within a ring is likely for PAHs present in the ISM. Additionally, electrons, protons, and hydrogen atoms are readily added to or removed from PAHs creating a truly diverse set of chemistries in various interstellar regions. The presence of a nitrogen within a PAH (called a PANH herein) that is additionally dehydrogenated leads to a neutral radical with a large dipole moment. It has recently been shown through the use of high-level quantum chemical computations for small molecules that the corresponding closed-shell anions support electronically excited states within a dipole- bound formalism as a result of the interaction between the loosely bound excited electron and the dipole moment of the neutral radical. We are extending this methodology to larger molecules, PANHs in this case. If a dipole-bound excited state of a PANH anion exists, it could possess unique features that could shed light on various unresolved interstellar spectra potentially including even the diffuse interstellar bands

Counteracting systems of diabaticities using DRAG controls: The status after 10 years

The task of controlling a quantum system under time and bandwidth limitations is made difficult by unwanted excitations of spectrally neighboring energy levels. In this article we review the Derivative Removal by Adiabatic Gate (DRAG) framework. DRAG is a multi-transition variant of counterdiabatic driving, where multiple low-lying gapped states in an adiabatic evolution can be avoided simultaneously, greatly reducing operation times compared to the adiabatic limit. In its essence, the method corresponds to a convergent version of the superadiabatic expansion where multiple counterdiabaticity conditions can be met simultaneously. When transitions are strongly crowded, the system of equations can instead be favorably solved by an average Hamiltonian (Magnus) expansion, suggesting the use of additional sideband control. We give some examples of common systems where DRAG and variants thereof can be applied to improve performance.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figure

Engineering adiabaticity at an avoided crossing with optimal control

We investigate ways to optimize adiabaticity and diabaticity in the Landau-Zener model with non-uniform sweeps. We show how diabaticity can be engineered with a pulse consisting of a linear sweep augmented by an oscillating term. We show that the oscillation leads to jumps in populations whose value can be accurately modeled using a model of multiple, photon-assisted Landau-Zener transitions, which generalizes work by Wubs et al. [New J. Phys. 7, 218 (2005)]. We extend the study on diabaticity using methods derived from optimal control. We also show how to preserve adiabaticity with optimal pulses at limited time, finding a non-uniform quantum speed limit

Stereometric Design for Desk-Top SFF Fabrication

Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) technologies refer to the fabrication of physical parts directly from computer based solid models described by STL (Stereo Lithography) or VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) files generated by Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems. Most of the SFF processes produce parts by building them layer by layer using a row by row pattern, though it is possible to build the part using other patterns. The SFF technology represents a challenge to designers who, in addition to making decisions concerning optimum shape and functionality of the entire part, have'to take under consideration several other manufacturing factors. These factors cover a wide range of technical issues such as Computer-Aided Design model generation, part description and model slicing files, laser path files, precision of part design, rendering patterns, manufacturing tolerances, thermal expansion and residual stress phenomena. This paper investigates the effect of rendering patterns on the integrity, material characteristics and mechanical properties of the parts prepared by a desk-top SFF device using diode lasers. Fe - Bronze (Cu - Sn) premixed metal powders were used as the starting material. The particle size was about 100 /lm to 200 /lm. Density, tensile strength and microstructure of the parts prepared using different rendering patterns were characterized. The results were analyzed to seek optimal rendering patterns. It was noticed that the samples were strong along the laser scanning direction, while they were weak perpendicular to the scanning direction. These results suggest that the laser scanning patterns should be designed to minimize the warping and maximize the strength of the part in the direction depending on the part's function.Mechanical Engineerin