476 research outputs found
Learning about knowledge: A complex network approach
This article describes an approach to modeling knowledge acquisition in terms
of walks along complex networks. Each subset of knowledge is represented as a
node, and relations between such knowledge are expressed as edges. Two types of
edges are considered, corresponding to free and conditional transitions. The
latter case implies that a node can only be reached after visiting previously a
set of nodes (the required conditions). The process of knowledge acquisition
can then be simulated by considering the number of nodes visited as a single
agent moves along the network, starting from its lowest layer. It is shown that
hierarchical networks, i.e. networks composed of successive interconnected
layers, arise naturally as a consequence of compositions of the prerequisite
relationships between the nodes. In order to avoid deadlocks, i.e. unreachable
nodes, the subnetwork in each layer is assumed to be a connected component.
Several configurations of such hierarchical knowledge networks are simulated
and the performance of the moving agent quantified in terms of the percentage
of visited nodes after each movement. The Barab\'asi-Albert and random models
are considered for the layer and interconnecting subnetworks. Although all
subnetworks in each realization have the same number of nodes, several
interconnectivities, defined by the average node degree of the interconnection
networks, have been considered. Two visiting strategies are investigated:
random choice among the existing edges and preferential choice to so far
untracked edges. A series of interesting results are obtained, including the
identification of a series of plateaux of knowledge stagnation in the case of
the preferential movements strategy in presence of conditional edges.Comment: 18 pages, 19 figure
Giant strongly connected component of directed networks
We describe how to calculate the sizes of all giant connected components of a
directed graph, including the {\em strongly} connected one. Just to the class
of directed networks, in particular, belongs the World Wide Web. The results
are obtained for graphs with statistically uncorrelated vertices and an
arbitrary joint in,out-degree distribution . We show that if
does not factorize, the relative size of the giant strongly
connected component deviates from the product of the relative sizes of the
giant in- and out-components. The calculations of the relative sizes of all the
giant components are demonstrated using the simplest examples. We explain that
the giant strongly connected component may be less resilient to random damage
than the giant weakly connected one.Comment: 4 pages revtex, 4 figure
Passive and catalytic antibodies and drug delivery
Antibodies are one of the most promising components of the biotechnology repertoire for the purpose of drug delivery. On the one hand, they are proven agents for cell-selective delivery of highly toxic agents in a small but expanding number of cases. This technology calls for the covalent attachment of the cytotoxin to a tumor-specific antibody by a linkage that is reversible under appropriate conditions (antibody conjugate therapy, ACT —"passive delivery”). On the other hand, the linker cleavage can be accomplished by a protein catalyst attached to the tumor-specific antibody ("catalytic delivery”). Where the catalyst is an enzyme, this approach is known as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Where the transformation is brought about by a catalytic antibody, it has been termed antibody-directed abzyme prodrug therapy (ADAPT). These approaches will be illustrated with emphasis on how their demand for new biotechnology is being realized by structure-based protein engineerin
Optical Aharonov-Bohm effect in stacked type-II quantum dots
Excitons in vertically stacked type-II quantum dots experience the
topological magnetic phase and demonstrate the Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in
the emission intensity. Photoluminescence of vertically stacked ZnTe/ZnSe
quantum dots is measured in magnetic fields up to 31 T. The Aharonov-Bohm
oscillations are found in the magnetic-field dependence of emission intensity.
The positions of the peaks of the emission intensity are in a good agreement
with numerical simulations of excitons in stacked quantum dots.Comment: 15 page
Theoretical approach and impact of correlations on the critical packet generation rate in traffic dynamics on complex networks
Using the formalism of the biased random walk in random uncorrelated networks
with arbitrary degree distributions, we develop theoretical approach to the
critical packet generation rate in traffic based on routing strategy with local
information. We explain microscopic origins of the transition from the flow to
the jammed phase and discuss how the node neighbourhood topology affects the
transport capacity in uncorrelated and correlated networks.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
Single and vertically coupled type II quantum dots in a perpendicular magnetic field: exciton groundstate properties
The properties of an exciton in a type II quantum dot are studied under the
influence of a perpendicular applied magnetic field. The dot is modelled by a
quantum disk with radius , thickness and the electron is confined in the
disk, whereas the hole is located in the barrier. The exciton energy and
wavefunctions are calculated using a Hartree-Fock mesh method. We distinguish
two different regimes, namely (the hole is located at the radial
boundary of the disk) and (the hole is located above and below the
disk), for which angular momentum transitions are predicted with
increasing magnetic field. We also considered a system of two vertically
coupled dots where now an extra parameter is introduced, namely the interdot
distance . For each and for a sufficient large magnetic field,
the ground state becomes spontaneous symmetry broken in which the electron and
the hole move towards one of the dots. This transition is induced by the
Coulomb interaction and leads to a magnetic field induced dipole moment. No
such symmetry broken ground states are found for a single dot (and for three
vertically coupled symmetric quantum disks). For a system of two vertically
coupled truncated cones, which is asymmetric from the start, we still find
angular momentum transitions. For a symmetric system of three vertically
coupled quantum disks, the system resembles for small the pillar-like
regime of a single dot, where the hole tends to stay at the radial boundary,
which induces angular momentum transitions with increasing magnetic field. For
larger the hole can sit between the disks and the state
remains the groundstate for the whole -region.Comment: 11 pages, 16 figure
An Exactly Solvable Anisotropic Directed Percolation Model in Three Dimensions
We solve exactly a special case of the anisotropic directed bond percolation
problem in three dimensions, in which the occupation probability is 1 along two
spatial directions, by mapping it to a five-vertex model. We determine the
asymptotic shape of the ininite cluster and hence the direction dependent
critical probability. The exponents characterising the fluctuations of the
boundary of the wetted cluster in d-dimensions are related to those of the
(d-2)-dimensional KPZ equation.Comment: 4 pages, RevTex, 4 figures. 1 reference added, minor change
Recommended from our members
An Interview with APPLE Lecture Speaker Dr. Richard Donato
On March 6, 2020, the Studies in Applied Linguistics and TESOL (SALT) journal had the great pleasure of interviewing Dr. Richard Donato, the invited speaker for the 2020 APPLE Lectures Series hosted by the Applied Linguistics and TESOL Program at Teachers College, Columbia University. Dr. Donato was kind enough to take the time, during a very busy day, to speak about his work on teacher training, history-in-person, and culture in the language classroo
Sandpile Model with Activity Inhibition
A new sandpile model is studied in which bonds of the system are inhibited
for activity after a certain number of transmission of grains. This condition
impels an unstable sand column to distribute grains only to those neighbours
which have toppled less than m times. In this non-Abelian model grains
effectively move faster than the ordinary diffusion (super-diffusion). A novel
system size dependent cross-over from Abelian sandpile behaviour to a new
critical behaviour is observed for all values of the parameter m.Comment: 11 pages, RevTex, 5 Postscript figure
Measurement report: In situ observations of deep convection without lightning during the tropical cyclone Florence 2018
Hurricane Florence was the sixth named storm in the Atlantic hurricane season 2018. It caused dozens of deaths and major economic damage. In this study, we present in situ observations of trace gases within tropical storm Florence on 2 September 2018, after it had developed a rotating nature, and of a tropical wave observed close to the African continent on 29 August 2018 as part of the research campaign CAFE Africa (Chemistry of the Atmosphere: Field Experiment in Africa) with HALO (High Altitude and LOng Range Research Aircraft). We show the impact of deep convection on atmospheric composition by measurements of the trace gases nitric oxide (NO), ozone (O), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen peroxide (HO), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and methyl iodide (CHI) and by the help of color-enhanced infrared satellite imagery taken by GOES-16. While both systems, i.e., the tropical wave and the tropical storm, are deeply convective, we only find evidence for lightning in the tropical wave using both in situ NO measurements and data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN)
- …