100 research outputs found
International Coercion, Emulation and Policy Diffusion: Market-Oriented Infrastructure Reforms, 1977-1999
Why do some countries adopt market-oriented reforms such as deregulation, privatization and liberalization of competition in their infrastructure industries while others do not? Why did the pace of adoption accelerate in the 1990s? Building on neo-institutional theory in sociology, we argue that the domestic adoption of market-oriented reforms is strongly influenced by international pressures of coercion and emulation. We find robust support for these arguments with an event-history analysis of the determinants of reform in the telecommunications and electricity sectors of as many as 205 countries and territories between 1977 and 1999. Our results also suggest that the coercive effect of multilateral lending from the IMF, the World Bank or Regional Development Banks is increasing over time, a finding that is consistent with anecdotal evidence that multilateral organizations have broadened the scope of the âconditionalityâ terms specifying market-oriented reforms imposed on borrowing countries. We discuss the possibility that, by pressuring countries into policy reform, cross-national coercion and emulation may not produce ideal outcomes.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40099/3/wp713.pd
The Credibility of the Exchange Rate Regime: An Analysis Trough 'Derivatives' of the September 1992 Crisis
30-Day morbidity and mortality of bariatric metabolic surgery in adolescence during the COVID-19 pandemic â The GENEVA study
Background: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is an effective treatment for adolescents with severe obesity. Objectives: This study examined the safety of MBS in adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: This was a global, multicentre and observational cohort study of MBS performed between May 01, 2020, and October 10,2020, in 68 centres from 24 countries. Data collection included in-hospital and 30-day COVID-19 and surgery-specific morbidity/mortality. Results: One hundred and seventy adolescent patients (mean age: 17.75 ± 1.30 years), mostly females (n = 122, 71.8%), underwent MBS during the study period. The mean pre-operative weight and body mass index were 122.16 ± 15.92 kg and 43.7 ± 7.11 kg/m2, respectively. Although majority of patients had pre-operative testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (n = 146; 85.9%), only 42.4% (n = 72) of the patients were asked to self-isolate pre-operatively. Two patients developed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection post-operatively (1.2%). The overall complication rate was 5.3% (n = 9). There was no mortality in this cohort. Conclusions: MBS in adolescents with obesity is safe during the COVID-19 pandemic when performed within the context of local precautionary procedures (such as pre-operative testing). The 30-day morbidity rates were similar to those reported pre-pandemic. These data will help facilitate the safe re-introduction of MBS services for this group of patients
30-day morbidity and mortality of sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and one anastomosis gastric bypass: a propensity score-matched analysis of the GENEVA data
Background: There is a paucity of data comparing 30-day morbidity and mortality of sleeve gastrectomy (SG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). This study aimed to compare the 30-day safety of SG, RYGB, and OAGB in propensity score-matched cohorts. Materials and methods: This analysis utilised data collected from the GENEVA study which was a multicentre observational cohort study of bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS) in 185 centres across 42 countries between 01/05/2022 and 31/10/2020 during the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. 30-day complications were categorised according to the ClavienâDindo classification. Patients receiving SG, RYGB, or OAGB were propensity-matched according to baseline characteristics and 30-day complications were compared between groups. Results: In total, 6770 patients (SG 3983; OAGB 702; RYGB 2085) were included in this analysis. Prior to matching, RYGB was associated with highest 30-day complication rate (SG 5.8%; OAGB 7.5%; RYGB 8.0% (p = 0.006)). On multivariate regression modelling, Insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolaemia were associated with increased 30-day complications. Being a non-smoker was associated with reduced complication rates. When compared to SG as a reference category, RYGB, but not OAGB, was associated with an increased rate of 30-day complications. A total of 702 pairs of SG and OAGB were propensity score-matched. The complication rate in the SG group was 7.3% (n = 51) as compared to 7.5% (n = 53) in the OAGB group (p = 0.68). Similarly, 2085 pairs of SG and RYGB were propensity score-matched. The complication rate in the SG group was 6.1% (n = 127) as compared to 7.9% (n = 166) in the RYGB group (p = 0.09). And, 702 pairs of OAGB and RYGB were matched. The complication rate in both groups was the same at 7.5 % (n = 53; p = 0.07). Conclusions: This global study found no significant difference in the 30-day morbidity and mortality of SG, RYGB, and OAGB in propensity score-matched cohorts
Global 30-day outcomes after bariatric surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic (GENEVA): an international cohort study
DIPLOMACIA E POLĂTICA DOMĂSTICA: A LĂGICA DOS JOGOS DE DOIS NĂVEIS
A polĂtica domĂ©stica e as relaçÔes internacionais com freqĂŒĂȘncia sĂŁo inextricavelmente vinculadas; todavia,as teorias existentes (particularmente as estatocĂȘntricas) nĂŁo levam adequadamente em consideraçÔestais vĂnculos. Quando os lĂderes nacionais devem obter as ratificaçÔes (formais ou informais) dos membrosde seus parlamentos para um acordo internacional, seus comportamentos em negociaçÔes refletem os imperativossimultĂąneos tanto de um jogo de polĂtica domĂ©stica quanto de um jogo de polĂtica internacional.Usando exemplos de cĂșpulas econĂŽmicas ocidentais, das negociaçÔes do Canal do PanamĂĄ e do Tratado deVersalhes, dos programas de estabilização do Fundo MonetĂĄrio Internacional, da Comunidade EuropĂ©ia ede muitos outros contextos diplomĂĄticos, o artigo oferece uma teoria da ratificação. Ele enfatiza o papel daspreferĂȘncias, coalizĂ”es, instituiçÔes e prĂĄticas domĂ©sticas, das estratĂ©gias e tĂĄticas dos negociadores, daincerteza, das reverberaçÔes domĂ©sticas das pressĂ”es externas e o papel dos interesses do negociador-chefe.Essa teoria de âjogos de dois nĂveisâ tambĂ©m pode ser aplicĂĄvel a muitos outros fenĂŽmenos polĂticos, taiscomo a dependĂȘncia, os comitĂȘs legislativos e as coalizĂ”es multipartidĂĄrias
- âŠ