I Will Not Wear a Muzzle

Students are sent abroad to “become sensitive leaders in our changing world,” states the Gettysburg College Center for Global Education’s mission statement. We are asked to “foster global thinking and to instill a compassionate respect for others and our world.” Many students use this time to explore their true selves with hopes of not having to think too deeply about the life that they’ve left behind. [excerpt

CONSUMER FOOD SAFETY BEHAVIOR: A CASE STUDY IN HAMBURGER COOKING AND ORDERING

More Americans are eating hamburgers more well-done than in the past, according to national surveys. This change reduced the risk of E. coli O157:H7 infection by an estimated 4.6 percent and reduced associated medical costs and productivity losses by an estimated $7.4 million annually. In a 1996 survey, respondents who were more concerned about the risk of foodborne illness cooked and ordered hamburgers more well-done than those who were less concerned. However, respondents who strongly preferred hamburgers less well-done cooked and ordered them that way, even after accounting for their concern about the risk of illness.hamburger doneness, ground beef, food safety, food safety education, E. coli O157:H7, consumer behavior, survey, risk, foodborne illness, risk perceptions, palatability, information, microbial pathogens, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Developmental differences in relations between parent-reported executive function and unitized and non-unitized memory representations during childhood

Funding for Open Access provided by the UMD Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund.Previous research has documented an association between executive functioning (EF) and memory for bound details. However, it is unknown if this relation varies as a function of the type of bound information (i.e., unitized versus non-unitized) and whether this association changes as a function of age during childhood, when both EF and memory undergo rapid development. The current study sought to address these gaps by examining whether relations between parent-reported EF differed for unitized versus non-unitized memory representations and if these relations differed between children who were 4, 6, or 8 years of age. Results revealed that EF was selectively associated with non-unitized associative memory in 8-year-old children; no significant relations between EF and either memory condition were evident in 4- or 6-year-olds. These results suggest relations between EF and memory may be specific to non-unitized representations and that this association may emerge across childhood as both EF and memory abilities develop

[Review of the book Appraising moving images: Assessing the archival and monetary value of film and video resources]

Sam Kula, renowned film archivist, opens Appraising Moving Images: Assessing the Archival and Monetary Value of Film and Video Records with a provocative statement: "In archives, the only thing that really matters is the quality of the collections; all the rest is housekeeping” (p. [1]). It is true that many archivists aspire to positions in collection development. In the archival literature, appraisal is a hot topic (p. [23]). However, appraisal of motion pictures is a much newer area, appearing infrequently in the literature (p. 4). Moving image (MI) records present unique appraisal challenges. Kula calls on MI repositories to develop and refine their appraisal and selection policies, and/or to create them (p. 2). The author’s goals are to describe a group of principles to steer archivists as they develop policies at their institutions and to explain and analyze appraisal policies at archives throughout the world (p. 6). Kula also dedicates a chapter to monetary appraisal, which is especially relevant to archivists who work in countries where tax laws allow donors of documentation to benefit significantly

[Review of the book The film preservation guide: The basics for archives, libraries, and museums]

The Film Preservation Guide: The Basics for Archives, Libraries, and Museums presents a hands-on introduction to the art and science of film preservation while offering a sidelong glimpse of selected projects funded by the National Film Preservation Foundation (NFPF). Though a slender volume (freely downloadable at http://www.filmpreservation.org/preservation/film%5Fguide.html), the guide actually goes beyond the basics. It also provides advice on how to customize projects according to individual repository goals and budgets, and more significantly, how to create a sustainable film preservation program

[Review of the book The image of librarians in cinema, 1917-1999]

Introduction: The Image of Librarians in Cinema, 1917-1999 by Ray Tevis and Brenda Tevis is a discussion of virtually all U.S. and British feature films from the 20th century with librarians in the cast (termed ‘reel librarians’). This study was authored by a pair of librarians with the goal of understanding the representation of their profession in over 200 films. The films of the twentieth century strongly influenced the development and perpetuation of the stereotyped librarian image in all media, as each generation attended the movies in great numbers (p. 1). The authors employ a content analysis methodology to examine reel librarians. The components of the image are visual characteristics (age, eyeglasses, hairstyle, and clothing); socioeconomic status; occupational tasks; and entanglements with the opposite sex

Faculty scholarship collections: Identifying, capturing, archiving, and accessing history

ABSTRACT. It has long been the mission of faculty to add to the world’s intellectual base. Academic libraries have the opportunity to play a key role in the acquisition, preservation and management of faculty intellectual product. The goal of this article is to address important issues surrounding today’s faculty scholarship collections, including the issues of explosive growth in quantity of product and the emergence of scholarship in newer, machine-readable formats. At the University of North Carolina at Wilmington, the University Archives (UA) has found that the Faculty Scholarship Collection contains valuable resources for researchers and serves to recognize university faculty for their scholarly contributions

Hydrogenase-3 Contributes to Anaerobic Acid Resistance of Escherichia coli

BACKGROUND: Hydrogen production by fermenting bacteria such as Escherichia coli offers a potential source of hydrogen biofuel. Because H(2) production involves consumption of 2H(+), hydrogenase expression is likely to involve pH response and regulation. Hydrogenase consumption of protons in E. coli has been implicated in acid resistance, the ability to survive exposure to acid levels (pH 2-2.5) that are three pH units lower than the pH limit of growth (pH 5-6). Enhanced survival in acid enables a larger infective inoculum to pass through the stomach and colonize the intestine. Most acid resistance mechanisms have been defined using aerobic cultures, but the use of anaerobic cultures will reveal novel acid resistance mechanisms. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We analyzed the pH regulation of bacterial hydrogenases in live cultures of E. coli K-12 W3110. During anaerobic growth in the range of pH 5 to 6.5, E. coli expresses three hydrogenase isoenzymes that reversibly oxidize H(2) to 2H(+). Anoxic conditions were used to determine which of the hydrogenase complexes contribute to acid resistance, measured as the survival of cultures grown at pH 5.5 without aeration and exposed for 2 hours at pH 2 or at pH 2.5. Survival of all strains in extreme acid was significantly lower in low oxygen than for aerated cultures. Deletion of hyc (Hyd-3) decreased anoxic acid survival 3-fold at pH 2.5, and 20-fold at pH 2, but had no effect on acid survival with aeration. Deletion of hyb (Hyd-2) did not significantly affect acid survival. The pH-dependence of H(2) production and consumption was tested using a H(2)-specific Clark-type electrode. Hyd-3-dependent H(2) production was increased 70-fold from pH 6.5 to 5.5, whereas Hyd-2-dependent H(2) consumption was maximal at alkaline pH. H(2) production, was unaffected by a shift in external or internal pH. H(2) production was associated with hycE expression levels as a function of external pH. CONCLUSIONS: Anaerobic growing cultures of E. coli generate H(2) via Hyd-3 at low external pH, and consume H(2) via Hyd-2 at high external pH. Hyd-3 proton conversion to H(2) is required for acid resistance in anaerobic cultures of E. coli

Acidification in corn monocultures favor fungi, ammonia oxidizing bacteria, and nirK-denitrifier groups

Agricultural practices of no-till and crop rotations are critical to counteract the detrimental effects of monocultures and tillage operations on ecosystem services related to soil health such as microbial N cycling. The present study explored the main steps of the microbial N cycle, using targeted gene abundance as a proxy, and concerning soil properties, following 19 and 20 years of crop monocultures and rotations of corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], either under no-till or chisel tillage. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was implemented to estimate phylogenetic groups and functional genes related to the microbial N cycle: nifH (N2 fixation), amoA (nitrification) and nirK, nirS, and nosZ (denitrification). Our results indicate that long-term crop rotation and tillage decisions affect soil health as it relates to soil properties and microbial parameters. No-till management increased soil organic matter (SOM), decreased soil pH, and increased copy numbers of AOB (ammonia oxidizing bacteria). Crop rotations with more corn increased SOM, reduced soil pH, reduced AOA (ammonia oxidizing archaea) copy numbers, and increased AOB and fungal ITS copy numbers. NirK denitrifier groups were also enhanced under continuous corn. Altogether, the more corn years included in a crop rotation multiplies the amount of N needed to sustain yield levels, thereby intensifying the N cycle in these systems, potentially leading to acidification, enhanced bacterial nitrification, and creating an environment primed for N losses and increased N2O emissions.Fil: Behnke, G. D.. University of Illinois; Estados UnidosFil: Zabaloy, Maria Celina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Riggins, C. W.. University of Illinois; Estados UnidosFil: Rodríguez-Zas, S.. University of Illinois; Estados UnidosFil: Huang, L.. University of Illinois; Estados UnidosFil: Villamil, Maria Bonita. University of Illinois; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

High-Resolution Indicators of Soil Microbial Responses to N Fertilization and Cover Cropping in Corn Monoculture

Cover cropping (CC) is the most promising in-field practice to improve soil health and mitigate N losses from fertilizer use. Although the soil microbiota play essential roles in soil health, their response to CC has not been well characterized by bioindicators of high taxonomic resolution within typical agricultural systems. Our objective was to fill this knowledge gap with genus-level indicators for corn [Zea mays L.] monocultures with three N fertilizer rates (N0, N202, N269; kg N ha−1), after introducing a CC mixture of cereal rye [Secale cereale L.] and hairy vetch [Vicia villosa Roth.], using winter fallows (BF) as controls. A 3 × 2 split-plot arrangement of N rates and CC treatments was studied in a randomized complete block design with three replicates over two years. Bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA and fungal ITS regions were sequenced with Illumina MiSeq system. Overall, our high-resolution bioindicators were able to represent specific functional or ecological shifts within the microbial community. The abundances of indicators representing acidophiles, nitrifiers, and denitrifiers increased with N fertilization, while those of heterotrophic nitrifiers, nitrite oxidizers, and complete denitrifiers increased with N0. Introducing CC decreased soil nitrate levels by up to 50% across N rates, and CC biomass increased by 73% with N fertilization. CC promoted indicators of diverse functions and niches, including N-fixers, nitrite reducers, and mycorrhizae, while only two N-cycling genera were associated with BF. Thus, CC can enhance the soil biodiversity of simplified cropping systems and reduce nitrate leaching, but might increase the risk of nitrous oxide emission without proper nutrient management. This primary information is the first of its kind in this system and provided valuable insights into the limits and potential of CC as a strategy to improve soil health.Fil: Kim, Nakian. University of Illinois at Urbana; Estados UnidosFil: Riggins, Chance W.. University of Illinois at Urbana; Estados UnidosFil: Zabaloy, Maria Celina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Allegrini, Marco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez Zas, Sandra L.. University of Illinois at Urbana; Estados UnidosFil: Villamil, Maria Bonita. University of Illinois at Urbana; Estados Unido