Estudo da oferta e comercialização de repolho na CEAPE no período de 1999 a 2005.

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Effect of extrusion on the trypsin inhibitors activity and digestibility of the raw soybean in dogs determined by the regression, substitution, and difference methods.

The lack of standardized methodologies to evaluate an ingredient?s digestibility in dogs contributes to the poor information about it. This is particularly important in protein sources, such as soybean, because dogs are carnivorous. There has been little investigation on the effect of pet food extrusion on the inactivation of trypsin inhibitors present in raw soybeans (RSB). Because of this, we aimed to evaluate the effect of extrusion on trypsin inhibitors and on the digestibility of RSB by the regression (REG), substitution (SUB), and difference (DIF) methods in dogs. Animals, material and methods: Six adult Beagle dogs were distributed in a Latin square design (6 x 6). The dogs were fed six extruded diets (single screw extruder) with increasing levels of RSB (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30%) for a 5-day adaptation period followed by 5 days of total faecal collection per period (AAFCO, 2004). Trypsin inhibitors activity was determined in the diets before and after extrusion. The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients and the metabolizable energy (ME) of the RSB were determined by the SUB (Matterson et al., 1965), REG, and DIF methods (Fan and Sauer, 1995). Data were submitted to regression and to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey's test (P0.05). The ether extract CTTAD (0.891 to 0.910) and the ME (18.4 to 19.0 MJ/kg) of the diets increased linearly (P0.05) in the CTTAD and ME predicted by the three methods, nor between the variances of the methods. Conclusion: The single screw extrusion process of diets containing high levels of RSB does not completely inactivate the trypsin inhibitors. However, up to 12% of RSB can be used in extruded diets without compromising protein digestibility and faecal consistency of dogs. Greater inclusion levels of RSB reduce estimative errors of this ingredient digestibility. Although the three methods can be used to predict ingredients digestibility in dogs, the DIF and the SUB methods are more practical than the REG method, considering the utilization of only two diets (reference and test), while the REG method requires at least four diets

Teor de isoflavones em vinte cultivares de soja semeadas em Londrina e Ponta Grossa.

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Science Diplomacy Through Cities: Applying NASA Earth Observations at the Urban Scale

NASA's scientific expertise and data products are enhancing cities' environmental monitoring activities by pioneering applications of remote sensing and model-based Earth Observations at the urban scale. The above activities have greatly benefitted from engaging stakeholders and city practitioners from the start. Further, NASA's collaborations with cities have: Advanced NASA science, in testing new products and validating of satellite datasets, while meeting the needs of city governments. Broadened Rio de Janeiro's regional viewpoint and strengthened its relationships with neighboring cities. Scientific collaborations with cities benefit from: Selecting city partners with a high level of technical capacity and willing to make strong investments in joint projects. Sustained communication and face-to-face interactions. Well-defined deliverables, with dedicated resources and personnel. Pairing global datasets and projections with in situ measurements and local knowledgeSensitivity to local working culture and politics

Conversion of isoflavone glucosides to aglycones in whole soybean flour thermally treated and with endogenous B-glucosidase of soybean.

The B-glucosidase hydrolyze isoflavone glucosides releasing aglycones. Its application in the food industry is relevant to the production of soybean foods with higher levels of isoflavone aglycones, with benefits for human health. The objective of this study was to apply endogenous B-glucosidase of soybean in whole soybean flour (WSF) and evaluate the conversion of isoflavone glucosides to aglycones. The B-glucosidase was fractionated by 40-85% ammonium sulfate saturation, concentrated by ultrafiltration (MWCO 100 kDa) and was applied in WSF thermally treated under different conditions. WSF without heat treatment and without application of enzyme was used as control (WSFC). Thermal pretreatment was performed in WSFC for 1h at 100°C (WSF100) or autoclaved for 30min at 121°C (WSF121). In these treatments were added 10U or 50U of B-glucosidase and incubated at 30°C for 2 or 6h. The aglycones content was determined by HPLC and the results were expressed as μg g-1 of samples. Thermal pretreatment increased the aglycone content of WSF100 and WSF121 in 2.6 and 2.8 times, respectively, relative to WSFC. The application of 50U of -glucosidase for 6h at 30°C in and CSF100 and CSF121 increased aglycones content of 7.1 and 8.5 times, respectively, relative to WSFC. The -glucosidase was efficient in the conversion of isoflavone glucosides to aglycones in all treatments compared with the control

Methane emissions from nellore heifers under integrated crop llvestock forest systems.

Adoption of Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forestry Systems (ICLFS) has been encouraged as a greenhouse gases (GHG) mitigation measure in Brazil. Accurate estimate of enteric methane emission (ECH4) is essential to compute carbon footprint and, consequently, to improve the evaluation and design of GHG mitigation strategies for cattle production systems

Utilização da técnica de espectrofotometria do infravermelho próximo (NIR) para análise discriminante dos ácidos graxos oléico e linoléico de genótipos de girassol.

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Agronomic and chemical characterization of soybean genotypes for human consumption.

Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) presents a high level of good quality protein and lipids that consist mainly of unsaturated fatty acids. It also has considerable amounts of B complex vitamins and minerals such as iron, potassium and magnesium (Carrão-Panizzi, 1987). In addition to these good nutritional characteristics, soybean for human consumption should have a sweet, nut-like flavor, pale colored seeds (tegument, hilum and cotyledon) and suitable seed size for use as food (Destro, 1991; Vello, 1992). This research was carried out to describe the agronomic and chemical characteristics of food-type soybean genotypes for later use as cultivars or in crosses. Seventy-two soybean genotypes were used in the study, and the agronomic quantitative, qualitative and chemical traits of the grains were assessed, including mineral composition, oil, protein, carbohydrates and ash contents. The results showed that there was great genetic diversity among the genotypes studied for all the agronomic characteristics assessed. The F 82-5782 genotype was outstanding, presenting yield compatible with commercial exploitation as well as large seeds. The Mikawashima genotype presented the highest carbohydrate contents, while the Toffumame II genotype showed the greatest P contents and was also among the six genotypes that presented the greatest K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Mn and protein values. These genotypes can be used as cultivars or in breeding programs to solve specific problems of nutrient shortage due to genetic traits