Preparar para aprender: una manifestación del conocimiento didáctico del contenido en la práctica

Las siguientes páginas contienen el análisis de un conjunto de acciones y comportamientos que protagonizados por docentes universitarios permiten al estudiante tomar conciencia de lo que no sabe y necesita saber y así generar expectativas de explicación. Para el estudio, comenzamos con una encuesta “ad hoc” a 90 profesores experimentados, 11 profesores noveles y 301 alumnos pertenecientes a las facultades de Física, Farmacia, Odontología, Filología, Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Enfermería, Derecho y la Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Empresariales de la Universidad de Barcelona. A partir de un estudio de casos múltiple y a través de diversas estrategias de recogida de información, como la observación en el aula, las entrevistas en profundidad al profesorado y las entrevistas grupales al alumnado, analizamos el Conocimiento Didáctico del Contenido, tratando de comprender cómo éste se manifestaba en la enseñanza. El estudio demuestra que los docentes transforman el saber global y holístico de la disciplina y el currículum en formas didácticamente eficaces operando mediante el Conocimiento Didáctico del Contenido, que se articula a partir de lo que denominamos la dimensión de “Preparar para aprender”.The following pages include the analysis of those actions and behaviors, carried out by university teachers, that allow students to be aware of what they do not know and need to know, creating inside them the expectative of explanation. For the study, we start from a survey “ad hoc” to 90 senior teachers, 11 new teachers and 301 students from the faculties of physics, pharmacy, dentistry, Philology, Economics and Business Administration, Nursing, Law and the School of Education business of the University of Barcelona. From a study of multiple cases and through various strategies to collect information such as classroom observation, in-depth interviews teachers and interviews with groups of students, analyze the pedagogical content knowledge, trying to understand how it is manifested in teaching. Our research, point out that university teacher transforms their global and holistic content and curriculum knowledge into didactical ways through which they provoke students, what we categorized, “Prepare to learn”

Risk loci involved in giant cell arteritis susceptibility: a genome-wide association study

Background: Giant cell arteritis is an age-related vasculitis that mainly affects the aorta and its branches in individuals aged 50 years and older. Current options for diagnosis and treatment are scarce, highlighting the need to better understand its underlying pathogenesis. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have emerged as a powerful tool for unravelling the pathogenic mechanisms involved in complex diseases. We aimed to characterise the genetic basis of giant cell arteritis by performing the largest GWAS of this vasculitis to date and to assess the functional consequences and clinical implications of identified risk loci. Methods: We collected and meta-analysed genomic data from patients with giant cell arteritis and healthy controls of European ancestry from ten cohorts across Europe and North America. Eligible patients required confirmation of giant cell arteritis diagnosis by positive temporal artery biopsy, positive temporal artery doppler ultrasonography, or imaging techniques confirming large-vessel vasculitis. We assessed the functional consequences of loci associated with giant cell arteritis using cell enrichment analysis, fine-mapping, and causal gene prioritisation. We also performed a drug repurposing analysis and developed a polygenic risk score to explore the clinical implications of our findings. Findings: We included a total of 3498 patients with giant cell arteritis and 15 550 controls. We identified three novel loci associated with risk of giant cell arteritis. Two loci, MFGE8 (rs8029053; p=4·96 × 10–8; OR 1·19 [95% CI 1·12–1·26]) and VTN (rs704; p=2·75 × 10–9; OR 0·84 [0·79–0·89]), were related to angiogenesis pathways and the third locus, CCDC25 (rs11782624; p=1·28 × 10–8; OR 1·18 [1·12–1·25]), was related to neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We also found an association between this vasculitis and HLA region and PLG. Variants associated with giant cell arteritis seemed to fulfil a specific regulatory role in crucial immune cell types. Furthermore, we identified several drugs that could represent promising candidates for treatment of this disease. The polygenic risk score model was able to identify individuals at increased risk of developing giant cell arteritis (90th percentile OR 2·87 [95% CI 2·15–3·82]; p=1·73 × 10–13). Interpretation: We have found several additional loci associated with giant cell arteritis, highlighting the crucial role of angiogenesis in disease susceptibility. Our study represents a step forward in the translation of genomic findings to clinical practice in giant cell arteritis, proposing new treatments and a method to measure genetic predisposition to this vasculitis. Funding: Institute of Health Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, UK Medical Research Council, and National Institute for Health and Care Researc

Rice Trade and Price Volatility: Implications on ASEAN and Global Food Security

This paper highlights the thinness of rice trade relative to wheat and maize, and the contrasting price volatility and tradability relations for wheat and maize, which display a positive correlation, and for rice, which show an inverse relation. The paper focuses on Southeast Asia, which hosts the world's biggest rice exporters and rice importers. Using the Granger causality tests to determine correlation, the analysis concludes that very low global trading activity in rice that tends to self-perpetuate its dampening effect on trade does not cause extreme rice price volatility in the region, but the other way around. Rice-importing countries appear to resort to self-sufficiency measures as insurance to compensate for the high risks of unreliable rice supply and unaffordable rice prices. What would it take for countries to regain their confidence in external rice trade? The Association of Southeast Asian Nations Integrated Food Security Program provides a menu of policies for reducing and managing the chances of excessive rice price volatility

Age, anticoagulants, hypertension and cardiovascular genetic traits predict cranial ischaemic complications in patients with giant cell arteritis

\ua9 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ on behalf of EULAR.Objectives: This project aimed to determine whether cranial ischaemic complications at the presentation of giant cell arteritis (GCA) were associated with pre-existing cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, CV disease or genetic risk of CV-related traits. Methods: 1946 GCA patients with clinicodemographic data at GCA presentation were included. Associations between pre-existing CV-related traits (including Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) for CV traits) and cranial ischaemic complications were tested. A model for cranial ischaemic complications was optimised using an elastic net approach. Positional gene mapping of associated PRS was performed to improve biological understanding. Results: In a sample of 1946 GCA patients (median age=71, 68.7% female), 17% had cranial ischaemic complications at presentation. In univariable analyses, 10 variables were associated with complications (likelihood-ratio test p≤0.05). In multivariable analysis, the two variables with the strongest effects, with or without PRS in the model, were anticoagulant therapy (adjusted OR (95% CI)=0.21 (0.05 to 0.62), p=4.95 710-3) and age (adjusted OR (95% CI)=1.60 (0.73 to 3.66), p=2.52 710-3, for ≥80 years versus <60 years). In sensitivity analyses omitting anticoagulant therapy from multivariable analysis, age and hypertension were associated with cranial ischaemic complications at presentation (hypertension: adjusted OR (95% CI)=1.35 (1.03 to 1.75), p=0.03). Positional gene mapping of an associated transient ischaemic attack PRS identified TEK, CD96 and MROH9 loci. Conclusion: Age and hypertension were risk factors for cranial ischaemic complications at GCA presentation, but in this dataset, anticoagulation appeared protective. Positional gene mapping suggested a role for immune and coagulation-related pathways in the pathogenesis of complications. Further studies are needed before implementation in clinical practice

Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) inhibits inflammasome-mediated inflammation and has been proposed as a treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 (NCT04381936, ISRCTN50189673). In this assessment of DMF performed at 27 UK hospitals, adults were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus DMF. The primary outcome was clinical status on day 5 measured on a seven-point ordinal scale. Secondary outcomes were time to sustained improvement in clinical status, time to discharge, day 5 peripheral blood oxygenation, day 5 C-reactive protein, and improvement in day 10 clinical status. Between 2 March 2021 and 18 November 2021, 713 patients were enroled in the DMF evaluation, of whom 356 were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus DMF, and 357 to usual care alone. 95% of patients received corticosteroids as part of routine care. There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of DMF on clinical status at day 5 (common odds ratio of unfavourable outcome 1.12; 95% CI 0.86-1.47; p = 0.40). There was no significant effect of DMF on any secondary outcome

Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) inhibits inflammasome-mediated inflammation and has been proposed as a treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 (NCT04381936, ISRCTN50189673). In this assessment of DMF performed at 27 UK hospitals, adults were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus DMF. The primary outcome was clinical status on day 5 measured on a seven-point ordinal scale. Secondary outcomes were time to sustained improvement in clinical status, time to discharge, day 5 peripheral blood oxygenation, day 5 C-reactive protein, and improvement in day 10 clinical status. Between 2 March 2021 and 18 November 2021, 713 patients were enroled in the DMF evaluation, of whom 356 were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus DMF, and 357 to usual care alone. 95% of patients received corticosteroids as part of routine care. There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of DMF on clinical status at day 5 (common odds ratio of unfavourable outcome 1.12; 95% CI 0.86-1.47; p = 0.40). There was no significant effect of DMF on any secondary outcome

Complementary perspectives as a means of understanding regional change: frontier settlement in the Ecuador Amazon

Illustrated in this paper is a research protocol wherein regional change in the Ecuador Amazon, measured in terms of changing settlement patterns, is explored from three distinct but complementary vantage points -- idiographic, context-dependent generalizations, and universally applicable frameworks. All analyses are anchored to the study area itself; the region's ground-level reality plays a prominent role throughout; and the Amazon as a place is the object of study. The more universal the explanation, the less information it provides about the Ecuador Amazon per se; but each conceptualization illuminates a distinct aspect of the Amazon experience. A comprehensive understanding is the end result. The research protocol is situated within current concerns over place, the new regional geography, and related research strategies.

Preparar para aprender: una manifestación del conocimiento didáctico del contenido en la práctica

Las siguientes páginas contienen el análisis de un conjunto de acciones y comportamientos que protagonizados por docentes universitarios permiten al estudiante tomar conciencia de lo que no sabe y necesita saber y así generar expectativas de explicación. Para el estudio, comenzamos con una encuesta “ad hoc” a 90 profesores experimentados, 11 profesores noveles y 301 alumnos pertenecientes a las facultades de Física, Farmacia, Odontología, Filología, Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Enfermería, Derecho y la Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Empresariales de la Universidad de Barcelona. A partir de un estudio de casos múltiple y a través de diversas estrategias de recogida de información, como la observación en el aula, las entrevistas en profundidad al profesorado y las entrevistas grupales al alumnado, analizamos el Conocimiento Didáctico del Contenido, tratando de comprender cómo éste se manifestaba en la enseñanza. El estudio demuestra que los docentes transforman el saber global y holístico de la disciplina y el currículum en formas didácticamente eficaces operando mediante el Conocimiento Didáctico del Contenido, que se articula a partir de lo que denominamos la dimensión de “Preparar para aprender”.The following pages include the analysis of those actions and behaviors, carried out by university teachers, that allow students to be aware of what they do not know and need to know, creating inside them the expectative of explanation. For the study, we start from a survey “ad hoc” to 90 senior teachers, 11 new teachers and 301 students from the faculties of physics, pharmacy, dentistry, Philology, Economics and Business Administration, Nursing, Law and the School of Education business of the University of Barcelona. From a study of multiple cases and through various strategies to collect information such as classroom observation, in-depth interviews teachers and interviews with groups of students, analyze the pedagogical content knowledge, trying to understand how it is manifested in teaching. Our research, point out that university teacher transforms their global and holistic content and curriculum knowledge into didactical ways through which they provoke students, what we categorized, “Prepare to learn”