The impact of sleep quality and duration on college student adjustment and health

College years are a time of change and transition that involves complex challenges in academic, social, personal/emotional, and institutional adjustment. Stress, anxiety, and tension are often associated with college transition and adjustment; stress and worry have been related to poor sleep quality. Studies have found that college students have more sleep problems than the general public. Research has shown that poor sleep has adverse effects on cognition, mood, and other physiological and psychological aspects of human functioning. Recent research has indicated that sleep quality may be more important than amount of sleep. Relationships have been found between sleep problems and various psychological difficulties and cognitive deficits in college students. Research suggests that sleep problems can have detrimental effects on various components of college adjustment. However, studies examining the relationship between sleep and dimensions of college adjustment are limited. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between college students\u27 sleep quality, their adjustment to college, and their physical/mental health. The relationship between sleep quality and college adjustment was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Sleep Quality Index, a sleep habits questionnaire, and the College Adjustment Scales (CAS). The relationship between sleep quality and general physical/mental health was assessed using the above sleep measures and Version 2 of the SF-36 Health Survey. Because significant gender differences were found in the initial analysis, results were analyzed separately for males and females. Males scored significantly higher than females on five scales of the CAS, including Academic Problems, Anxiety, Career Problems, Suicidal Ideation, and Substance Abuse. Results indicate that relationships exist between sleep quality and college adjustment and between sleep quality and general physical/mental health. In general, it was found that male students who have poor sleep quality report higher levels of anxiety, depression, interpersonal problems, academic problems, and self-esteem problems. Male students who have poor sleep quality rate themselves as having lower levels of personal health and report more limitations in physical health due to physical problems. They also report more limitations in usual role activities due to physical health problems, higher levels of fatigue, more limitations in social activities due to physical or emotional problems, more limitations in usual role activities due to emotional problems, and higher levels of psychological distress. Female students who have poor sleep quality report higher levels of anxiety, depression, interpersonal problems, and academic problems. They rate themselves as having lower levels of personal health and higher levels of fatigue. They also report more limitations in social activities due to physical or emotional problems, more limitations in usual role activities due to emotional problems, and higher levels of psychological distress. The relationship between college students\u27 sleep duration and their adjustment to college and physical/mental health was not found to be significant. Findings have implications for students with sleep difficulties and college adjustment and/or health problems. Students should be informed that poor sleep quality might lead to adjustment and/or health problems. Attempts should be made to identify those at risk for poor sleep quality. The results of this and other studies suggest that sleep hygiene education should be offered to all students due to the high prevalence of sleep problems in the college population

Escape Worthiness of Vehicles with Passive Belt Restraint Systems

There are a variety of conditions that can exist in the post-crash environment which make rapid escape necessary for survival or to avoid further injury. These include a post-crash fire, the vehicle going into the water, or avoiding being struck in a secondary collision. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has defined this parameter vehicle escapeworthiness. It has been estimated in past research performed by the author for NHTSA that escapeworthiness becomes important in up to 7% of all vehicle crashes. Since escapeworthiness research was performed in the early 1970's, the advent of passive shoulder belt systems has made it necessary to again review the impact of this development on escapeworthiness. In particular, the inability of the occupants to release the passive restraint because the door cannot be opened after the crash, coupled with the inability to release the passive restraint due to its design or a lack of experience, or knowledge of how to release the passive restraint while the door is closed, creates a serious problem. Thus, the present study was performed to investigate the impact of passive restraint systems on the time required to escape from the vehicle under various conditions of available escape routes, and physical condition of the occupants. The experimental design included the variables of age, gender, escape route, level of incapacitation and type of passive restraint system. The times to effect an escape as well as the method of escaping were determined through videographic analysis of all escape trials. The findings demonstrated that the use of passive restraint systems increased the time to escape significantly, ranging from 37 to 65 percent for the respective conditions. This difference may determine whether a person survives or not after some post-crash conditions. The results have significance for the design of passive restraint systems for easy release, while at the same time not creating an incentive for some users to routinely leave the passive restraint unfastened.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

The First Provenance Challenge

The first Provenance Challenge was set up in order to provide a forum for the community to help understand the capabilities of different provenance systems and the expressiveness of their provenance representations. To this end, a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging workflow was defined, which participants had to either simulate or run in order to produce some provenance representation, from which a set of identified queries had to be implemented and executed. Sixteen teams responded to the challenge, and submitted their inputs. In this paper, we present the challenge workflow and queries, and summarise the participants contributions

Complex circular subsidence structures in tephra deposited on large blocks of ice: Varða tuff cone, Öræfajökull, Iceland

Several broadly circular structures up to 16 m in diameter, into which higher strata have sagged and locally collapsed, are present in a tephra outcrop on southwest Öræfajökull, southern Iceland. The tephra was sourced in a nearby basaltic tuff cone at Varða. The structures have not previously been described in tuff cones, and they probably formed by the melting out of large buried blocks of ice emplaced during a preceding jökulhlaup that may have been triggered by a subglacial eruption within the Öræfajökull ice cap. They are named ice-melt subsidence structures, and they are analogous to kettle holes that are commonly found in proglacial sandurs and some lahars sourced in ice-clad volcanoes. The internal structure is better exposed in the Varða examples because of an absence of fluvial infilling and reworking, and erosion of the outcrop to reveal the deeper geometry. The ice-melt subsidence structures at Varða are a proxy for buried ice. They are the only known evidence for a subglacial eruption and associated jökulhlaup that created the ice blocks. The recognition of such structures elsewhere will be useful in reconstructing more complete regional volcanic histories as well as for identifying ice-proximal settings during palaeoenvironmental investigations