Diamonds on the Hat: Globular Clusters in The Sombrero Galaxy (M104)

Images from the HST ACS are used to carry out a new photometric study of the globular clusters (GCs) in M104, the Sombrero galaxy. The primary focus of our study is the characteristic distribution function of linear sizes (SDF) of the GCs. We measure the effective radii for 652 clusters with PSF-convolved King and Wilson dynamical model fits. The SDF is remarkably similar to those measured for other large galaxies of all types, adding strong support to the view that it is a "universal" feature of globular cluster systems. We develop a more general interpretation of the size distribution function for globular clusters, proposing that the shape of the SDF that we see today for GCs is strongly influenced by the early rapid mass loss during their star forming stage, coupled with stochastic differences from cluster to cluster in the star formation efficiency (SFE) and their initial sizes. We find that the observed SDF shape can be accurately predicted by a simple model in which the protocluster clouds had characteristic sizes of $0.9 \pm 0.1$ pc and SFEs of $0.3 \pm 0.07$. The colors and luminosities of the M104 clusters show the clearly defined classic bimodal form. The blue sequence exhibits a mass/metallicity relation (MMR), following a scaling of heavy-element abundance with luminosity of $Z \sim L^{0.3}$ very similar to what has been found in most giant elliptical galaxies. A quantitative self-enrichment model provides a good first-order match to the data for the same initial SFE and protocluster size that were required to explain the SDF. We also discuss various forms of the globular cluster Fundamental Plane (FP) of structural parameters, and show that useful tests of it can be extended to galaxies beyond the Local Group.Comment: In press for MNRA

Resolution characteristics of holographic particle image velocimetry

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76221/1/AIAA-1992-9-516.pd

Graptolites from the Benton area of west-central New Brunswick and their regional significance

Graptolites In black slate underlying volcanics along Eel River near Benton, 20 km south of Woodstock, New Brunswick belong to the Clonograptus tenellus Zone of the upper Tremadoc Series. They are essentially the same age as graptolites from the Cookson Formation of southern New Brunswick. The Belle Lake Slate overlies the same volcanics, and on Belle Brook, 12 km southwest of Benton, contains graptolites referred to the Nemagraptus gracilis Zone of the Caradoc Series. The Belle Lake Slate correlates with an unnamed sequence of greywacke and slate in the Hayesville area of central New Brunswick. The Ordovician volcanics and overlying sedimentary rocks are the sane general age as a limestone facies found to the east and northeast of Woodstock. The limestones were deposited in shallow-water at varying distances from volcanically active areas. The presence of lithologlcally similar Lower Ordovician and older rocks in the Benton area of west-central New Brunswick and in the Cookson Formation of southern New Brunswick allows both areas to be included in the same suspect terrane. RÉSUMÉ A 20 km au sud de Woodstock (Nouveau-Brunswick) on trouve, dans une ardoise noire recouverte de roches volcaniques, des graptolites qui appartiennent à la zone Clonograptus tenellus de la série du Trémadocien supérieur. Ces graptolites datent essentiellement de la même période que les graptolites de la formation de Cookson du sud du Nouveau-Brunswick. À 12 km au sud-ouest de Benton, le long du ruisseau Belle, les roches volcanlques mentionnées ci-haut sont recouvertes par l 1 ardoise Belle Lake qui contient des graptolites de la zone à Nemagraptus gracilis de la serle du Caradocien. L‘ardoise Belle Lake est correlée avec une séquence de grauwacke et d'ardoise que l'on retrouve dans la région de Hayesville au centre du Nouveau-Brunswick. Les roches volcaniques ordoviciennes et les roches sédimentaires qui les recouvrent ont environ le même âge qu'un faciès de calcaire situe à l'est et au nord-est de Woodstock. Les calcaires ont été déposés en eau peu profonde à des distances variables d'une région volcaniquement active. La présence de roches lithologiquement semblables, certaines datant de l'Ordovicien inférieur, d'autres plus anciennes, dans la région de Benton au centre-ouest du Nouveau-Brunswick et dans la formation de Cookson au sud du Nouveau-Brunswick presuppose une pa renté entre les deux régions. [Tradult par le Journal

Minimax Current Density Coil Design

'Coil design' is an inverse problem in which arrangements of wire are designed to generate a prescribed magnetic field when energized with electric current. The design of gradient and shim coils for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are important examples of coil design. The magnetic fields that these coils generate are usually required to be both strong and accurate. Other electromagnetic properties of the coils, such as inductance, may be considered in the design process, which becomes an optimization problem. The maximum current density is additionally optimized in this work and the resultant coils are investigated for performance and practicality. Coils with minimax current density were found to exhibit maximally spread wires and may help disperse localized regions of Joule heating. They also produce the highest possible magnetic field strength per unit current for any given surface and wire size. Three different flavours of boundary element method that employ different basis functions (triangular elements with uniform current, cylindrical elements with sinusoidal current and conic section elements with sinusoidal-uniform current) were used with this approach to illustrate its generality.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables. To appear in Journal of Physics D: Applied Physic

NMR shim coil design utilising a rapid spherical harmonic calculation method

A rapid spherical harmonic calculation method is used for the design of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance shim coils. The aim is to design each shim such that it generates a field described purely by a single spherical harmonic. By applying simulated annealing techniques, coil arrangements are produced through the optimal positioning of current-carrying circular arc conductors of rectangular cross-section. This involves minimizing the undesirable harmonies in relation to a target harmonic. The design method is flexible enough to be applied for the production of coil arrangements that generate fields consisting significantly of either zonal or tesseral harmonics. Results are presented for several coil designs which generate tesseral harmonics of degree one

Recognition of cancer warning signs and anticipated time to help-seeking in a population sample of adults in the UK

Background: Not recognising a symptom as suspicious is a common reason given by cancer patients for delayed help-seeking; but inevitably this is retrospective. We therefore investigated associations between recognition of warning signs for breast, colorectal and lung cancer and anticipated time to help-seeking for symptoms of each cancer. Methods: Computer-assisted telephone interviews were conducted with a population-representative sample (N=6965) of UK adults age greater than or equal to50 years, using the Awareness and Beliefs about Cancer scale. Anticipated time to help-seeking for persistent cough, rectal bleeding and breast changes was categorised as >2 vs less than or equal to2 weeks. Recognition of persistent cough, unexplained bleeding and unexplained lump as cancer warning signs was assessed (yes/no). Associations between recognition and help-seeking were examined for each symptom controlling for demographics and perceived ease of health-care access. Results: For each symptom, the odds of waiting for >2 weeks were significantly increased in those who did not recognise the related warning sign: breast changes: OR=2.45, 95% CI 1.47–4.08; rectal bleeding: OR=1.77, 1.36–2.30; persistent cough: OR=1.30, 1.17–1.46, independent of demographics and health-care access. Conclusion: Recognition of warning signs was associated with anticipating faster help-seeking for potential symptoms of cancer. Strategies to improve recognition are likely to facilitate earlier diagnosis

Budesonide Foam Has a Favorable Safety Profile for Inducing Remission in Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Proctitis or Proctosigmoiditis.

BackgroundBudesonide foam, a rectally administered, second-generation corticosteroid with extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism, is efficacious for the treatment of mild-to-moderate ulcerative proctitis and ulcerative proctosigmoiditis.AimThe aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of budesonide foam.MethodsData from five phase III studies were pooled to further evaluate safety, including an open-label study (once-daily treatment for 8 weeks), an active-comparator study (once-daily treatment for 4 weeks), and two placebo-controlled studies and an open-label extension study (twice-daily treatment for 2 weeks, then once daily for 4 weeks). Data from the placebo-controlled studies and two phase I studies (i.e., patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis and healthy volunteers) were pooled to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of budesonide foam.ResultsA similar percentage of patients reported adverse events in the budesonide foam and placebo groups, with the majority of adverse events being mild or moderate in intensity (93.3 vs 96.0%, respectively). Adverse events occurred in 41.4 and 36.3% of patients receiving budesonide foam and placebo, respectively. Mean morning cortisol concentrations remained within the normal range for up to 8 weeks of treatment; there were no clinically relevant effects of budesonide foam on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Population pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated low systemic exposure after budesonide foam administration.ConclusionsThis integrated analysis demonstrated that budesonide foam for the induction of remission of distal ulcerative colitis is safe overall, with no clinically relevant effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis