Association between GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 variants and the risk of end stage renal disease

Introduction: There are some evidences indicating DNA damage by oxidant and mutant agents has an essential role in the chronic renal failure and end stage renal disease (ESRD). To investigate the possible association of GSTs variants with ESRD, we investigated the frequency of GST- T1, M1, and P1 genotypes, and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with ESRD.Materials and methods: The present case-control study consisted of 136 ESRD patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis and 137 gender- and age-matched, unrelated healthy controls from the population of west of Iran. The GST- T1, M1, and P1 genotypes were determined in all individuals using multiplex-PCR and PCR-RFLP. The level of MDA was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: We found that GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes (GSTT1-/GSTM1-) increased the risk of ESRD by 1.8 times (p<0.001) and the increased risk of ESRD for GSTM-null (T1+-M1-) genotype was 3.04 times (p=0.002). ESRD patients carriers the GST (GSTM1-null+GSTT1-null+GST-null) genotypes compared to GST normal genotype increased the risk of ESRD by 3.3 (p<0.001) times. ESRD patients carriers of GST-null, GSTM1-null, and GSTT1-null genotypes had greater MDA concentration compared with the same genotypes of control subjects. Our results indicated that the GST-null allele (GSTT1-null/GSTM1-null) is a risk factor for ESRD and carriers of this allele have high levels of MDA.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that oxidative stress, impairment of the antioxidant system and abnormal lipid metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of ESRD and its related complications. These data suggest that patients with ESRD are more susceptible to vascular diseases

Association between GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 variants and the risk of end stage renal disease

Introduction: There are some evidences indicating DNA damage by oxidant and mutant agents has an essential role in the chronic renal failure and end stage renal disease (ESRD). To investigate the possible association of GSTs variants with ESRD, we investigated the frequency of GST- T1, M1, and P1 genotypes, and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with ESRD.Materials and methods: The present case-control study consisted of 136 ESRD patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis and 137 gender- and age-matched, unrelated healthy controls from the population of west of Iran. The GST- T1, M1, and P1 genotypes were determined in all individuals using multiplex-PCR and PCR-RFLP. The level of MDA was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: We found that GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes (GSTT1-/GSTM1-) increased the risk of ESRD by 1.8 times (p<0.001) and the increased risk of ESRD for GSTM-null (T1+-M1-) genotype was 3.04 times (p=0.002). ESRD patients carriers the GST (GSTM1-null+GSTT1-null+GST-null) genotypes compared to GST normal genotype increased the risk of ESRD by 3.3 (p<0.001) times. ESRD patients carriers of GST-null, GSTM1-null, and GSTT1-null genotypes had greater MDA concentration compared with the same genotypes of control subjects. Our results indicated that the GST-null allele (GSTT1-null/GSTM1-null) is a risk factor for ESRD and carriers of this allele have high levels of MDA.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that oxidative stress, impairment of the antioxidant system and abnormal lipid metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of ESRD and its related complications. These data suggest that patients with ESRD are more susceptible to vascular diseases

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Stachys lavandulifolia flower, and their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial and cutaneous wound-healing properties

In a biological process where the herbal tea (Stachys lavandulifolia) aqueous extract was applied as a capping and reducing agent, nanoparticles (NPs) of silver (Ag) were synthesized. These AgNPs were characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The synthesized AgNPs had great cell viability dose-dependently investigating the effect of the plant on human umbilical vein endothelial cell line and indicated this method was non-toxic. In this study, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test was carried out to examine antioxidant properties, which revealed similar antioxidant properties for AgNPs and butylated hydroxytoluene. Agar diffusion tests were applied to determine the antibacterial characteristics. The macro-broth tube test was run to determine minimum inhibitory concentration. All data of antibacterial and cutaneous wound-healing examinations were analyzed by SPSS 21 software (Duncan post hoc test). AgNPs showed higher antibacterial property than all standard antibiotics (p <= 0.01). Also, AgNPs prevented the growth of all bacteria at 2-8 mg/ml concentrations and destroyed them at 2-16 mg/ml concentrations (p <= 0.01). For the in vivo experiment, after creating the cutaneous wound, the rats were randomly divided into six groups: untreated control; treatment with Eucerin basal ointment; treatment with 3% tetracycline ointment; treatment with 0.2% AgNO3 ointment; treatment with 0.2% S. lavandulifolia ointment; and treatment with 0.2% AgNPs ointment. These groups were treated for 10 days. For histopathological and biochemical analysis of the healing trend, a 3 x 3-cm section was prepared from all dermal thicknesses at day 10. Use of AgNPs ointment in the treatment groups substantially reduced (p <= 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, macrophage and lymphocyte, and remarkably raised (p <= 0.01) the wound contracture, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate compared with other groups. Seemingly, AgNPs can be used as a medical supplement owing to their non-cytotoxic, antioxidant, antibacterial and cutaneous wound-healing properties