Структура комплекса микромицетов семян кормовых культур в условиях лесостепи Западной Сибири

The article highlights the experimental results on the structure of micromycete complex of feed crops seeds  in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. The researchers investigated more than 50 sets of seeds of different soya varieties (Glycine hispida), chick-pea (Cicer arietinum), spring rape (Brassica napus), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and lupine (Lupínus polyphyllus). The authors observed that micromycete complex contains a lot of seed infections in the mafic hyphomycetes of the genus Alternaria (average of 15.8–52.3 %) and Cladosporium (5,7–38,0 %), less common were Fusarium fungi and fungi. The distinguished fungi contained smaller number of Pythium, Botrytis, Verticillium, Rhizoctonia, Curvularia, Peronospora, Stemphylium, Ascochyta, Trichotecium and Corynespora. The article reveals the features of the structure of micromycetes complex on the lupine seeds. The seed material was strongly infected by Colletotrichum lupini (Bondar) Nirenberg, Feiler & Hagedorn (from 37.5 to 62.5%, depends on the variety), which strongly damaged the crops during the growing season (the disease development index varied from 30 to 100 %). The concentration of Fusarium fungi on the seeds of all crops varied from 2.6 to 15.4%; the authors observed the dominating  species as F. oxysporum, F. oxysporum var. orthoceras, F. solani, F. solani var. argillaceum, F. sambucinum, F. sambucinum. var. minus, F. gibbosum, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichiella var. poae. The authors found out that fungi (species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, etc.) is more extracted from the seeds in humid years like 2015, compared with more droughty years like  2016 and 2017. They were mostly observed in the rape seeds (20,2%) and chick-pea (15.8 %). The results of the phytoexpertise show that the problem of contamination of fodder crops by pathogens and the saprophytic mycoflora leads to bed quality of forage crops and seed germination. This problem is very urgent and relevant in, the conditions of forest-steppe of Western Siberia. The high level of seed infection indicates the necessity to strong following the procedure of storage and pre-treatment of seeds with chemical or biological agents.Представлены результаты изучения в 2015–2017 гг. структуры комплекса микромицетов на семенах кормовых культур в условиях лесостепи Западной Сибири. Была проведена фитоэкспертиза более 50 партий семян различных сортов сои (Glycine hispida), нута (Cicer arietinum), ярового рапса (Brassica napus), клевера лугового (Trifolium pratense), люпина (Lupínus polyphyllus). Установлено преобладание в составе комплекса семенных инфекций на изучаемых культурах темноцветных гифомицетов из рода Alternaria (в среднем – 15,8–52,3 %) и Cladosporium (5,7–38,0 %), в меньшей степени были распространены грибы рода Fusarium и плесневые грибы. Среди выделившихся грибов присутствовали в меньшем числе представители родов Pythium, Botrytis, Verticillium, Rhizoctonia, Curvularia, Peronospora, Stemphylium, Ascochyta, Trichotecium, Corynespora. Выявлены особенности структуры комплекса микромицетов на семенах люпина. Семенной материал, в отличие от других культур, был в сильной степени инфицирован Colletotrichum lupini (Bondar) Nirenberg, Feiler & Hagedorn (от 37,5 до 62,5 %, в зависимости от сорта), что приводило к сильному поражению растений в течение вегетации (индекс развития болезни – от 30 до 100 %). Представленность грибов рода Fusarium на семенах всех культур колебалась от 2,6 до 15,4 % и была схожей; преобладающими видами были F. oxysporum, F. oxysporum var. orthoceras, F. solani, F. solani var. argillaceum, F. sambucinum, F. sambucinum. var. minus, F. gibbosum, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichiella var. poae. Установлено, что плесневые грибы (виды рода Penicillium, Aspergillus и др.) в большей степени выделялись из семенных партий в более увлажненном 2015 г. по сравнению с более засушливыми 2016 и 2017 гг. В большей степени они были представлены на семенах рапса (20,2 %) и нута (15,8 %). Результаты фитоэкспертизы свидетельствуют о том, что проблема зараженности семян кормовых культур возбудителями болезней, а также сапрофитной микофлорой, вызывающей снижение кормовых качеств и всхожести семян, стоит в условиях лесостепи Западной Сибири достаточно остро. Высокий уровень инфицированности семян свидетельствует о необходимости тщательного соблюдения режимов хранения и проведения предпосевной обработки семян химическими или биологическими препаратами

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ РЕНТГЕНОВСКОГО МИКРОАНАЛИЗА В ФИТОПАТОЛОГИИ

X-ray microanalysis methods have significantly expanded the functionality of electron microscopy. X-ray microanalysis is widely applied in activities, which deal with plant physiology. The paper explores the functioning of the stomach apparatus of fodder beans (Vícia fába). The regulation of the stomatal function depends on the potassium concentration in the closing cells. The authors investigated the infestation of wheat leaves with mildew (Erysiphe graminis) (Triticum astivum) and obtained the data that reveal the changes in the elemental composition of tissues in the affected area. This has contributed to find out the role of various elements during the infectious process in case of wheat plants with powdery dew contamination. The paper summarizes the materials on the application of X-ray microanalysis in phytopathology. It stipulates the participation of calcium in the formation of the mechanism of nematode capture in different age colonies of predatory fungi Arthrobotrys oligospores Fres was revealed. The data on tissue barrier in wheat roots, where the transport of both sodium and chlorine salting elements and potassium and calcium macro elements is controlled, are obtained. The authors show that transporting of these elements is regulated by active mechanisms in the endoderm cells. The article demonstrates the results of X-ray microanalysis aimed at determining the content of elements of magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium and calcium in soybean leaves affected by various diseases. The authors observed the changes in potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus concentration in leaves with bacterial burn, ascochytosis and alternative. They argue the participation of elements in formation of plant resistance to disease and the role of these elements in the physiology of the infectious process.настоящее время методы рентгеновского микроанализа значительно расширили функциональные возможности электронной микроскопии. Рентгеновский микроанализ широко используется в работах по физиологии растений. Так, нами был изучен механизм функционирования устьичного аппарата кормовых бобов (Vícia fába L.). Регуляция работы устьиц зависит от концентрации калия в их замыкающих клетках. Было изучено заражение мучнистой росой (Erysiphe graminis DC) листьев пшеницы (Triticum aestivum L.) и получены данные по изменению элементного состава тканей в зоне поражения. Эта информация позволила выяснить роль различных элементов в развитии инфекционного процесса при заражении мучнистой росой растений пшеницы. В статье обобщены материалы по использованию рентгеновского микроанализа в фитопатологии. С его помощью выявлено участие кальция в формировании механизма захвата нематоды в разновозрастных колониях хищных грибов Arthrobotrys oligospores Fres. Получены данные о наличии в корнях пшеницы тканевого барьера, где осуществляется контроль транспорта как засоляющих элементов натрия и хлора, так и макроэлементов калия и кальция. Было показано, что транспорт этих элементов регулируется с помощью активных механизмов в клетках эндодермы. В настоящей работе представлены результаты рентгеновского микроанализа по определению содержания элементов магния, фосфора, серы, калия, кальция в листьях сои, пораженных разными болезнями. Выявлены изменения в содержании калия, кальция, магния и фосфора в листьях с бактериальным ожогом, аскохитозом и альтернариозом. Обсуждается участие элементов в формировании устойчивости растений к болезням и роль этих элементов в физиологии инфекционного процесса

Photooxidative Generation of Dodecaborate-Based Weakly Coordinating Anions

Redox-active proanions of the type B_(12)(OCH_2Ar)_(12) [Ar = C_6F_5 (1), 4-CF_3C_6H_4 (2), 3,5-(CF_3)_2C_6H_3 (3)] are introduced in the context of an experimental and computational study of the visible-light-initiated polymerization of a family of styrenes. Neutral, air-stable proanions 1–3 were found to initiate styrene polymerization through single-electron oxidation under blue-light irradiation, resulting in polymers with number-average molecular weights (M_n) ranging from ∼6 to 100 kDa. Shorter polymer products were observed in the majority of experiments, except in the case of monomers containing 4-X (X = F, Cl, Br) substituents on the styrene monomer when polymerized in the presence of 1 in CH_2Cl_2. Only under these specific conditions are longer polymers (>100 kDa) observed, strongly supporting the formulation that reaction conditions significantly modulate the degree of ion pairing between the dodecaborate anion and cationic chain end. This also suggests that 1–3 behave as weakly coordinating anions (WCA) upon one-electron reduction because no incorporation of the cluster-based photoinitiators is observed in the polymeric products analyzed. Overall, this work is a conceptual realization of a single reagent that can serve as a strong photooxidant, subsequently forming a WCA

ANALYSIS OF THE INTERRELATION OF CYTOGENETIC HOMEOSTASIS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE ORGANISM OF GOBY FISH (GOBIIDAE) OF THE NORTHERN CASPIAN

Aim. The aim is to investigate the relationship between the content of micronuclei, destructive disorders in the nuclei of erythrocytes of peripheral blood of the goby fish and intensity of lipid peroxidation in fish tissues. Methods. Was used the method of quantitative accounting of morphologically altered red blood cells of peripheral blood of goby fish. Evaluation of cytogenetic disorders in fish blood cells was carried out based on a micronucleus test. Samples of muscle tissues and liver were sampled for biochemical analyzes. The rates of lipid peroxidation (LPO level) were determined by a method based on the reaction of malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid, the end product of lipid peroxidation. Results. A correlation was found between the rates of spontaneous LPO, ascorbate-dependant LPO and the accumulation of malondialdehyde in the liver of fish and changes in the nucleus of erythrocytes (R2 =0,8; R2 =0,6; R2 =0,7, respectively). Conclusions. We established the functional dependence which justifies the need to use cytogenetic markers to assess the impact of adverse environmental factors on the body of hydrobionts

Current State and Economic Value of Astacofauna in Certain Areas of the Eastern Shelf of the Caspian Sea

Aim. The purpose of this work was to assess the current state of crayfish populations in their habitats on the eastern shelf of the Caspian Sea (Alexander Bekovich‐Cherkassky Bay).Material and Methods. Fieldwork was based on underwater research methods using light diving equipment. Collection of research material was carried out according to an established crayfish survey protocol using fixed grid sites of 100 square metres. Collected crayfish were identified by species, measured and weighed, fecundity of females and the condition of crayfish shells were recorded. Crayfish were then released back into the sea. Calculation of numbers was carried out on the basis of determination of cluster density (ind/m2) with a further assessment of useful biotype areas. Calculation of commercial stocks based on crayfish length. The research synthesized information derived from comparative analysis of modern research results and archival data from the 1970s to 1990s.Results. Analysis showed that significant changes in the composition of populations had occurred. The dominant species recorded was Caspiastacus pachypus Rathke which has substantially displaced from the biotopes Pontastacus eichwald  Воtt. which was previously the dominant species here.Conclusion. Comparative analysis of the modern state of the astacofauna on the eastern shelf and historical data indicates significant changes in the structure of populations of Caspian crayfish. The resilient C. pachypus has become the dominant species. Its small commercial size has significantly reduced the economic value of crayfish stocks. In general, however, commercial stocks of these crayfish make it possible to develop these marine biological resources

DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES ON THE BASIS OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTTOM STATIONS IN DIFFERENT ZONES OF THE NORTH-CASPIAN SHELF

Aim. On the basis of four experimental bottom stations installed at various depths of the North Caspian shelf, the local communities of marine organisms were formed, on various constructions and in close proximity to them were investigated. The aim of the work is to study the features of community development on the basis of bottom biological stations, to measure their quantitative characteristics, to assess the informative character of the structural and functional characteristics of local communities for analyzing the state of the marine environment. Methods. Experimental bottom stations were installed in various regions of the North Caspian shelf using diving equipment to study their impact on the environment. Control over the development of associated fauna was carried out with the help of traps and the method of direct accounting for the materials of photo-video surveys. Sampling of fouling was carried out by the method of registration sites. Based on the number of species of flora and fauna of local communities, a ballroom information system has been suggested, that can be used for monitoring. Results. Research materials indicate a significant difference in the species composition, biomass and the structure of communities of local cenoses formed at the bottom stations with the same design and ecological capacity at various depths of the North Caspian shelf. In the shallow shelf zone at depths of 6-8 m in the local community of the bottom station, the vegetation component is dominant. At great depths, the total biomass increases in local cenoses and animal communities, including filter-feeders, make significant contribution to the self-purification of the marine environment. Conclusions. The results indicate the possibility of using complex observations of the structure and functional characteristics of local communities formed on the base of bottom stations, as well as the development of species of indicators and objects of accumulation of toxicants for assessing the state of the marine environment. The development of this approach involves the experiments with different station costructioons and materials and use of biotechnology implantation of test organisms on the design of bottom stations