The bearable compositeness of leptons

Partial compositeness as a theory of flavor in the lepton sector is assessed. We begin presenting the first systematic analysis of neutrino mass generation in this context, and identifying the distinctive mass textures. We then update the bounds from charged lepton flavor and CP violating observables. We put forward a U(1)3 × CP symmetry of the composite sector, in order to allow the new physics to be not far above the TeV scale. This hypothesis effectively suppresses the new contributions to the electron EDM and μ → eγ, by far the most constraining observables, and results in a novel pattern of flavor violation and neutrino masses. The CP violation in the elementary-composite mixing is shown to induce a CKM phase of the correct size, as well as order-one phases in the PMNS matrix. We compare with the alternative possibility of introducing multiple scales of compositeness for leptons, that also allow to evade flavor and CP constraints. Finally, we examine violations of lepton flavor universality in B-meson semi-leptonic decays. The neutral-current anomalies can be accommodated, predicting strong correlations among different lepton flavors, with a few channels close to the experimental sensitivity

Two Higgs doublets to explain the excesses pp→γγ(750 GeV)pp\rightarrow \gamma\gamma(750\ {\rm GeV}) and h→τ±μ∓h \to \tau^\pm \mu^\mp

The two Higgs doublet model emerges as a minimal scenario in which to address, at the same time, the $\gamma\gamma$ excess at 750 GeV and the lepton flavour violating decay into $\tau^\pm \mu^\mp$ of the 125 GeV Higgs boson. The price to pay is additional matter to enhance the $\gamma\gamma$ rate, and a peculiar pattern for the lepton Yukawa couplings. We add TeV scale vector-like fermions and find parameter space consistent with both excesses, as well as with Higgs and electroweak precision observables.Comment: 15 pages, 1 figure; v2: discussion of tau-->mu gamma added, leading to an additional constraint. v3: references added, figure 1 recovered and figure 2 adde

Large neutrino mixing and normal mass hierarchy: a discrete understanding

We discuss the possibility of flavor symmetries to explain the pattern of charged lepton and neutrino masses and mixing angles. We emphasize what are the obstacles for the generation of an almost maximal atmospheric mixing and what are the minimal ingredients to obtain it. A model based on the discrete symmetry $S_3$ is constructed, which leads to the dominant $\mu\tau$-block in the neutrino mass matrix, thus predicting normal hierarchy. This symmetry makes it possible to reproduce current data and predicts $0.01\lesssim\theta_{13}\lesssim 0.03$ and strongly suppressed neutrinoless $2\beta$-decay. Moreover, it implies a relation between lepton and quark mixing angles: $\theta_{23}^q \approx 2(\pi/4-\theta_{23})$. The Cabibbo mixing can also be reproduced and $\theta_{13}^q\sim \theta_{12}^q\theta_{23}^q$. $S_3$ is thus a candidate to describe all the basic features of Standard Model fermion masses and mixing.Comment: 9 pages, revtex, 1 eps figure; clarifications and comments added in sections III.A.1. and III.C.; typos corrected; several references adde

Duality in Left-Right Symmetric Seesaw Mechanism

We consider type I+II seesaw mechanism, where the exchanges of both right-handed neutrinos and isotriplet Higgs bosons contribute to the neutrino mass. Working in the left-right symmetric framework and assuming the mass matrix of light neutrinos $m_\nu$ and the Dirac-type Yukawa couplings to be known, we find the triplet Yukawa coupling matrix $f$, which carries the information about the masses and mixing of the right-handed neutrinos. We show that in this case there exists a duality: for any solution $f$, there is a dual solution $\hat{f}=m_\nu/v_L-f$, where $v_L$ is the VEV of the triplet Higgs. Thus, unlike in pure type I (II) seesaw, there is no unique allowed structure for the matrix $f$. For $n$ lepton generations the number of solutions is $2^n$. We develop an exact analytic method of solving the seesaw non-linear matrix equation for $f$.Comment: 4 pages, revtex, small clarifications added, title changed to match published versio

The c-terminal extension of a hybrid immunoglobulin A/G heavy chain is responsible for its Golgi-mediated sorting to the vacuole

We have assessed the ability of the plant secretory pathway to handle the expression of complex heterologous proteins by investigating the fate of a hybrid immunoglobulin A/G in tobacco cells. Although plant cells can express large amounts of the antibody, a relevant proportion is normally lost to vacuolar sorting and degradation. Here we show that the synthesis of high amounts of IgA/G does not impose stress on the plant secretory pathway. Plant cells can assemble antibody chains with high efficiency and vacuolar transport occurs only after the assembled immunoglobulins have traveled through the Golgi complex. We prove that vacuolar delivery of IgA/G depends on the presence of a cryptic sorting signal in the tailpiece of the IgA/G heavy chain. We also show that unassembled light chains are efficiently secreted as monomers by the plant secretory pathway

Strategy for the development of a new stick formula without microplastics

Plastic is a synthetic, malleable, and durable material that has been used for various applications since its invention in the late 19th century. During its very long-time degradation process, mechanical and/or photochemical processes fragment plastic into increasingly smaller fragments called microplastics (MPs). In the cosmetic field, MPs are directly added to many products for various functions, including to exploit their exfoliating and structuring power. Unfortunately, it has been realized that MPs are not retained in purification plants and therefore end up in the aquatic environment causing a high problem of environmental pollution. Polyethene (PE) is the most widely used MP in cosmetics due to its use as a structuring agent, to provide consistency to formulations and as a key ingredient in lipsticks and mascaras. Given the limitations imposed by regulations and the growing demand from consumers for chemical-free and eco-friendly products, the common synthetic and petroleum-based waxes used in lipstick formulations, such as PE, must necessarily be replaced by natural waxes of plant origin. In this paper we report the development of a chemical-free and eco-friendly cosmetic stick. To achieve the goal, it was necessary to study the compatibility of the ABWAX® Revowax, natural alternative to PE, with oils and colours to predict the behaviour of these structuring waxes in more complex systems. Through a systematic comparative study, the two waxes showed similar thermal characteristics and showed similar penetration curves, presenting overall comparable performance in the MP-free finished product. We can therefore consider ABWAX® Revowax natural wax a valid alternative to PE

Lycopersicon esculentum lectin: an effective and versatile endothelial marker of normal and tumoral blood vessels in the central nervous system

The binding of Lycopersicon esculentum lectin (LEA) to the vascular endothelium was studied in the central nervous system of rat, mouse and guinea pig at different developmental ages, and in a gliosarcoma model. Our observations showed that LEA consistently stained the entire vascular tree in the spinal cord and in the brain of all animal species at all developmental ages investigated. In the tumor model, the staining of the vascular network was very reproducible, enabled an easy identification of vascular profiles and displayed a higher efficiency when compared to two other commonly used vascular marker (EHS laminin and PECAM-1). Moreover, our results showed that LEA staining was comparable in both vibratome and paraffin sections and could be easily combined with other markers in double labeling experiments. These observations indicate that LEA staining may represent an effective and versatile endothelial marker for the study of the vasculature of the central nervous system in different animal species and experimental conditions

Optical properties of highly n-doped germanium obtained by in situ doping and laser annealing

High n-type doping in germanium is essential for many electronic and optoelectronic applications especially for high performance Ohmic contacts, lasing and mid-infrared plasmonics. We report on the combination of in situ doping and excimer laser annealing to improve the activation of phosphorous in germanium. An activated n-doping concentration of 8.8  ×  1019 cm−3 has been achieved starting from an incorporated phosphorous concentration of 1.1  ×  1020 cm−3. Infrared reflectivity data fitted with a multi-layer Drude model indicate good uniformity over a 350 nm thick layer. Photoluminescence demonstrates clear bandgap narrowing and an increased ratio of direct to indirect bandgap emission confirming the high doping densities achieved

Development, validation and application of an HPLC-MS/MS method to quantify urinary mercapturic acids

Introduction Mercapturic acids are metabolic end products of some occupational and environmental toxicants such as volatile organic compounds. They are metabolites formed by the conjugation of an electrophilic compound with glutathione. These electrophilic metabolic intermediates are believed to be the active species able to react with DNA and responsible for the genotoxicity associated with parent compounds [1]. Mercapturates can be found in urine and, therefore, they can be considered useful non-invasive biomarkers of exposure. Although several analytical methods were reported for the analysis of single or small groups of mercapturates [2], only two papers describes the analysis of several mercapturates [3,4]. The aim of this work was to set up a LC-MS/MS method able to determine mercapturic acids derived from different toxicants. Experimental For the preparation of standard solution, the majority of standard compounds were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Ontario, Canada), along with relative isotopically labelled standards. The complete list of analytes is reported in Table 1. The simple sample preparation developed includes dilution with formic acids (0.2 M), addition of an internal standard mixture of 16 deuterated analogs and filtration with 0.45 \u3bcm regenerated cellulose membrane filter (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California). Analysis were carried out using a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTRAP 5500, AB Sciex, Monza, Italy) interfaced with an ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatograph (UHPLC, Agilent 1220, Cernusco sul Naviglio, Italy) equipped with a Betasil C18 column (150 x2.1 mm, 5 \u3bcm; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rodano, Italy) and a pre-column BETASIL C18 (10 x 2,1 mm, 5\u3bc; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rodano, Italy). Chromatographic separation was performed using a linear gradient with an aqueous mobile phase composed by an aqueous solution of ammonium formiate 5 mM and 0.1% formic acid and an organic mobile phase composed by acetonitrile. A complete validation was carried out: linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, matrix effect, recovery and process efficiency were evaluated according to both FDA guidelines and the considerations reported in the review written by Gonz\ue1lez and co-workers [5,6]. The method was then applied to the analysis of urine samples from adult subjects with different smoking habits: non-smokers, electronic cigarette smokers, and traditional tobacco smokers. Results Results from linearity assays showed that correlation coefficients (R2) were close to 1 for most of compounds, demonstrating optimal linear responses for the considered concentrations ranges, although a polynomial regression was necessary for AAMA since it showed a saturation at high concentrations. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) values were between 0.15 and 1 \u3bcg/L, except for HEMA and AAMA (1.93 and 1.30 \u3bcg/L respectively). Precision, evaluated as relative standard deviations (RDS), was below 15% for most analytes in both intra-day and inter-day tests. Accuracy was between 85 and 110 % of expected values, with few exceptions exceeding 120% at the lowest concentrations. Selectivity was verified by injection of a blank sample (synthetic urine) showing no chromatographic peak having an area at 20% of LOQ at the relative retention time and mass transition of compounds of interest. The same condition was verified analysing a blank sample immediately after the injection of the standard mixture at the highest concentration of the calibration curve, indicating the absence of carry-over. Results from the matrix effect, recovery and process efficiency tests were suitable in most of the cases, with some exceptions that were partially corrected using the internal standards. Results from urine samples of individuals with different smoking habit showed significant differences between smokers and non-smokers: 11 different mercapturic acids were significantly higher (P-value 640.005) in traditional tobacco smokers than in non-smokers (an example is illustrated in Figure 1). Conclusion In this work, we developed a method useful to quantify mercapturic acids in urine samples. The method was subjected to a complete validation and showed to be suitable for most of the considered analytes. Despite some critical issues with some analytes (in particular HEMA), it demonstrated to be an useful tool for fast determination of mercapturates. The first application carried out using human urine samples suggests that mercapturic acids are suitable biomarkers for toxicants in tobacco smoke. References 1. B.M. De Rooij, J.N.M. Commandeur, N.P.E; Biomarkers, 3 (1998), pp 239-303. 2. P.I. Mathias, C. B'hymer; Biomarkers, 21 (2016), pp 293-315. 3. K.U. Alwis, B.C. Blount, A.S. Britt, D. Patel, D.L. Ashley; Analytica Chimica Acta, 750 (2012), pp 152-160. 4. N. Pluym, G. Gilch, G. Scherer, M. Scherer; Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 407 (2015), pp 5463-5476. 5. FDA. Guidance for Industry - Bioanalytical Method Validation. (2013) Available at: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidances/ucm368107.pdf 6. O. Gonz\ue1lez, M.E. Blanco, G. Iriarte, L. Bartolom\ue9, M.I. Maguregui, R.M. Alonso; Journal of Chromatography A, 1353 (2014), pp10-27