Impact of Sb and Na Doping on the Surface Electronic Landscape of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Films

Open-circuit voltage deficiency is the key limiting factor in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin-film solar cells, which is commonly associated with band tails and deep gap states arising from elemental disorder. The introduction of dopants such as Na and Sb has led to improvement in device performance, yet their effects on the optoelectronic properties of CZTS are yet to be fully elucidated. In this Letter, we unraveled the effect of Sb and Na:Sb co-doping on the surface energy landscape of solution-processed CZTS films employing energy-filtered photoelectron emission microscopy. In the absence of the additives, 150 nm resolution photoemission maps reveal oscillations in the local effective work function as well as areas of low photoemission energy threshold. The introduction of dopants substantially reshapes the photoemission maps, which we rationalize in terms of Cu:Zn and Sn disorder. Finally, we establish unprecedented correlations between the photoemission landscape of thin films and the performance of over 200 devices

Noise-induced transport in the Aubry-Andr\'e-Harper model

We study quantum transport in a quasiperiodic Aubry-Andr\'e-Harper (AAH) model induced by the coupling of the system to a Markovian heat bath. We find that coupling the heat bath locally does not affect transport in the delocalized and critical phases, while it induces logarithmic transport in the localized phase. Increasing the number of coupled sites at the central region introduces a transient diffusive regime, which crosses over to logarithmic transport in the localized phase and in the delocalized regime to ballistic transport. On the other hand, when the heat bath is coupled to equally spaced sites of the system, we observe a crossover from ballistic and logarithmic transport to diffusion in the delocalized and localized regimes, respectively. We propose a classical master equation, which captures our numerical observations for both coupling configurations on a qualitative level and for some parameters, even on a quantitative level. Using the classical picture, we show that the crossover to diffusion occurs at a time that increases exponentially with the spacing between the coupled sites, and the resulting diffusion constant decreases exponentially with the spacing.Comment: 11 pages, 7 fig

A CLINICAL STUDY OF MARICHA CHURNA AND PIPPALI MOOL IN THE MANAGEMENT OF STANYAKSHAYA

Sthanya is the Updhatu of Rasa dhatu. Ayurveda explain the importance of Sthanya through its main function Pushti and Jeevan. Rasa DHATU is said to Addidhatu i.e. Prathamdhatu. If Rasa dhatu formation is disturbed, its Updhatusthanya is also get disturbed. In Stanyakshaya there is Kshaya due to Dhatukshaya and Dushti. In present study, “effect of Maricha pippalimool churna on Sthanyakshaya’’ has been designed by taking reference from Kashyapsamhita Ksheeroudpadya. The purpose is to analyse and evaluate the complete concept and its etiopathogenesis of Sthanyakshaya and treatment with Ikshumulkashya as whole in light of Ayurvedic and modern concept. The aim is to study causes of Stanyakshaya which occurs with different reasons prescribed in Ayurveda like Krodha, Shoka etc., and according to modern science stress, anaemia etc., and to determine the effectiveness of Maricha Pippalimool churna on galactagogue, improve the detail study about Stanyakshya from Ayurvedic and modern text. The drugs used for this clinical study are Maricha Churna, Pippalimool Churna. 60 patients clinically diagnosed as Stanyakshya patients were selected. Statistical analysis of the parameters: Socio-demographic profile, ejection breast milk, duration of breast feeding, according to Stanapurnatva, according to frequency of feeding, weight of infant, frequency of urine, sleep of infant was done. The drug “Maricha pippalimool churna” was given for 30 days. Significant increase in parameter had been observed during the study. There was increase in Stanya after application of drug “Maricha pippalimool churna” given in Stanyakshaya. This treatment does not show any toxicity and no side effects were seen during the follow up. This remedy is economical and easy to use, store and carry

Microfluidic Channel Fabrication in Lithium Niobate using Focused Ion Beam

Microfluidic channels are fabricated in lithium niobate (LN) by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling. 127.68° axis rotated Y-cut (SAW grade) and Z-cut LN wafers are used. Material removal rate is 0.34±0.02 µm3/nC for Y-cut sample and 0.30 ± 0.02µm/nC for Z-cut sample. Experimental results show that the material removal rate decreases at high ion doses and high aspect ratios due to the increased significance of material deposition at these conditions. We also demonstrate the suitability of FIB-milled nanochannels for micro/nanofluidic applications

Agricultural sustainability in Karnataka: Application of Sustainable Livelihood Security Index

The present study was carried out in Karnataka state to assess the relative agricultural sustainability status of Karnataka during the year 2021–22 using Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI). Three indicators, viz. Ecological Security, Economic Efficiency and Social Equity Index were used. The results of the study show that in Karnataka better conditions for sustainable agriculture exist in majority of the Southern districts. However, few Northern districts, viz. Belagavi, Raichur, Bagalkote and Ballari have better level of ecological security and some Southern districts Bengaluru (U), Bengaluru (R), Chikkaballapur, Kolar and Ramanagara have low level of ecological security. In economic efficiency and social equity indicator also, majority of the Northern districts lagged behind compared to southern districts while Belagavi and Kalburgi districts have shown better performance compared to rest of the districts in the state. Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices such as judicial use of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, efficient water use techniques (drip and sprinkler irrigation), use of organic manures and diversification of farm activities would help in sustainable agricultural development. To achieve ecological sustainability, steps need to be taken to enhance forest cover through afforestation especially in the districts which have poor ecological security. Further, there is a need to enhance the crop yield, encourage dairy farming and improve work force participation through training and skill development in the districts with poor economic efficiency

Impacts of Wheat Enzymatic Defense Mechanisms Response to Cereal Cyst Nematode (Heterodera avenae) Infection

Biochemical trial was conducted to find out the variation in enzymic activities (PO, PPO, and PAL) infested with Heteroderaavenaeon wheat under cage house conditions. Results exhibited highest enzymatic activities (PO, PPO, and PAL) with application of chemical treatment (fluopyram 34.48% SC at 5 ml/kg seed). The chemical treatment significantly reduced nematode reproduction, as indicated by number of females per 5g root (9.10), cysts per 200 cc soil (12.45) and final larvae population per 200 cc soil (212.70)

Optimal DSSC’s deployment in power system using PSO

Owing to the high cost of installation and operation, distributed flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) technology gives opportunity to provide cost-effective solution in power system operation and control. A distributed static series compensator (DSSC) is a series FACTS device and it is placed equidistantly placed on the existing line to vary the line current. Active power can be controlled in the line with the help of DSSC. This paper presents DSSC for active power flow control to enhance system loadability index and to minimize reactive power generation by generators. Since DSSC is of low power. a small value of reactance is emulated in the line. Large number of DSSC’s are distributed along the transmission line at regular intervals to realize considerable change in the current. A particle swarm optimization is implemented to determine DSSC’s emulated reactance optimally. In this condition, all the lines flowing power in their limits with increased loading condition. Maximum system loadability index is evaluated by employing optimal number of DSSC’s on the line. A multiobjective problem is formulated. One objective function is formed such that no line would become overloaded even when loading is increased. Other objective is formulated to minimize reactive power generation by generators. A compromise solution is investigated for optimally connected of DSSC devices to achieve both the objective functions. IEEE 14 bus system is taken for MATLAB simulation of DSSC compensated system

Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel series of 2-(benzylamino)-2-oxoethyl]-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxamide derivatives

406-419A novel series of benzopyran-3-carboxamide derivatives have been designed and synthesized using a smooth and linear multistep synthesis. Amidation of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid with glycine ethyl ester in the presence of EDC.HCl and HOBt as coupling agent followed by the hydrolysis results in the formation of key synthon, [(2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-carbonyl) amino] acetic acid 7 which is further coupled with substituted aryl amines using HATU in combination with Hünig’s base to get the target compounds 8(a-h). The synthesized compounds have been screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity and the results are expressed as MIC and IC50 values respectively. Further, the binding ability of synthesized compounds with different proteins have been examined by molecular docking studies