114 research outputs found

    Resistive Switching in Metal Oxide/Organic Semiconductor Nonvolatile Memories

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    Diodes incorporating a bilayer of a metal oxide and an organic semiconductor can show unipolar, nonvolatile memory behavior after electroforming. Electroforming involves dielectric breakdown induced by prolonged bias voltage stress. When the power dissipated during breakdown is limited, electroforming is reversible and involves formation of defects at the organic-oxide interface that can heal spontaneously. When the power dissipation during breakdown exceeds a certain threshold, electroforming becomes irreversible. The fully electroformed diodes show electrical bistability, featuring (meta)stable states with low and high conduction that can be programmed by voltage pulses. The high conduction results from current flowing via filamentary paths. The bistability is explained by the coexistence of two thermodynamically stable phases at the interface between semiconductor and oxide. One phase contains mainly ionized defects and has a low work function, while the other phase has mainly neutral defects and a high work function. In the diodes, domains of the phase with low work function give rise to current filaments. In the filaments, Joule heating will raise temperature locally. When the temperature exceeds the critical temperature, the filament will switch off. The switching involves a collective recombination of charge carriers trapped at the defects as evidenced by bursts of electroluminescence

    Unipolar resistive switching in metal oxide/organic semiconductor non-volatile memories as a critical phenomenon

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    Diodes incorporating a bilayer of an organic semiconductor and a wide bandgap metal oxide can show unipolar, non-volatile memory behavior after electroforming. The prolonged bias voltage stress induces defects in the metal oxide with an areal density exceeding 10(17) m(-2). We explain the electrical bistability by the coexistence of two thermodynamically stable phases at the interface between an organic semiconductor and metal oxide. One phase contains mainly ionized defects and has a low work function, while the other phase has mainly neutral defects and a high work function. In the diodes, domains of the phase with a low work function constitute current filaments. The phase composition and critical temperature are derived from a 2D Ising model as a function of chemical potential. The model predicts filamentary conduction exhibiting a negative differential resistance and nonvolatile memory behavior. The model is expected to be generally applicable to any bilayer system that shows unipolar resistive switching. (C) 2015 Author(s).Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), BISTABLE [704]; Fundacao para Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) through the research Instituto de Telecommunicacoes (IT-Lx); project Memristor based Adaptive Neuronal Networks (MemBrAiNN) [PTDC/CTM-NAN/122868/2010]; European Community Seventh Framework Programme FP7', ONE-P [212311]; Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Gravity Program) [024.001.035]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Electrical conduction of LiF interlayers in organic diodes

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    An interlayer of LiF in between a metal and an organic semiconductor is commonly used to improve the electron injection. Here, we investigate the effect of moderate bias voltages on the electrical properties of Al/LiF/poly(spirofluorene)/Ba/Al diodes by systematically varying the thickness of the LiF layer (2-50 nm). Application of forward bias V below the bandgap of LiF (V < E-g similar to 14 V) results in reversible formation of an electrical double layer at the LiF/poly(spirofluorene) hetero-junction. Electrons are trapped on the poly(spirofluorene) side of the junction, while positively charged defects accumulate in the LiF with number densities as high as 10(25)/m(3). Optoelectronic measurements confirm the built-up of aggregated, ionized F centres in the LiF as the positive trapped charges. The charged defects result in efficient transport of electrons from the polymer across the LiF, with current densities that are practically independent of the thickness of the LiF layer. (C) 2015 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.Fundacao para Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) through the research Instituto de Telecommunicacoes (IT-Lx); project Memristor based Adaptive Neuronal Networks (MemBrAiNN) [PTDC/CTM-NAN/122868/2010]; KAU [71-100-35-HiCi]; European Community [212311]; ONE-P; Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science [024.001.035]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Intrinsic and extrinsic resistive switching in a planar diode based on silver oxide nanoparticles

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    Resistive switching is investigated in thin-film planar diodes using silver oxide nanoparticles capped in a polymer. The conduction channel is directly exposed to the ambient atmosphere. Two types of switching are observed. In air, the hysteresis loop in the current–voltage characteristics is S-shaped. The high conductance state is volatile and unreliable. The switching is mediated by moisture and electrochemistry. In vacuum, the hysteresis loops are symmetric, N-shaped and exhibit a negative differential resistance region. The conductance states are non-volatile with good data retention, programming cycling endurance and large current modulation ratio. The switching is attributed to electroforming of silver oxide clusters

    Trapping of electrons in metal oxide-polymer memory diodes in the initial stage of electroforming

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    Metal oxide-polymer diodes require electroforming before they act as nonvolatile resistive switching memory diodes. Here we investigate the early stages of the electroforming process in Al/Al2O3 /polyspirofluorene /Ba/Al diodes using quasistatic capacitance-voltage measurements. In the initial stage, electrons are injected into the polymer and then deeply trapped near the polyspirofluorene-Al2O3 interface. For bias voltages below 6 V, the number of trapped electrons is found to be CoxideV/q with Coxide as the geometrical capacitance of the oxide layer. This implies a density of traps for the electrons at the polymer-metal oxide interface larger than 31017 m−2

    Análisis de registros de dispensación en antiinflamatorios no esteroideos dentro del programa D-Valor

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    Objetivo: Analizar y evaluar los datos obtenidos durante la dispensación de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) dentro del programa D-Valor. Método: Se trabajó con un diseño de estudio multicéntrico, observacional y prospectivo de registros de datos de dispensación de medicamentos de grupos terapéuticos definidos. Resultados: En el 23% de las dispensaciones, el paciente utilizaba además otro medicamento susceptible de interacción. Más del 60% de los pacientes no conocía el uso adecuado del medicamento. El principio activo más dispensado fue ibuprofeno (38%). Conclusiones: Los AINE están entre los medicamentos más utilizados, pero debe mejorarse el conocimiento sobre su utilización. El diálogo con el paciente en el momento de la dispensación de AINE facilita la detección de situaciones de riesgo relacionadas

    Programa D-VALOR, análisis de registros de dispensación. Benzodiazepinas

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    Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo dentro del programa D-VALOR consiste en la evaluación de las dispensaciones de benzodiazepina (BZD), así como su registro, y comprobar si el paciente tiene conocimiento acerca de los medicamentos que recibe, si los usa de forma correcta y si observa las precauciones necesarias que requiere el grupo terapéutico. Método: Se trata de un estudio multicéntrico, observacional y prospectivo de registros de dispensaciones. Se registraron 47.829 dispensaciones. Resultados: En todas las edades la mujer usa más este tipo de medicación que el hombre. El 82,10% de los tratamientos son de continuación; un 51% de los pacientes desconocen la duración del tratamiento en los de inicio, y un 44% en los de continuación. Esto es preocupante, pues los problemas que presentan los tratamientos con BZD y sus análogos (caídas, fracturas y efectos sobre la psicomotricidad) están relacionados con su uso prolongado. En cuanto al conocimiento de los pacientes sobre el medicamento, sólo un 54% tienen un conocimiento global del tratamiento en lo que se refiere a la posología, la pauta de uso y su duración. Un 23% de pacientes manifiestan no estar satisfechos con su tratamiento, de los cuales un 6% declaran estarlo parcialmente tras haber sufrido resultados negativos asociados a la medicación. Las BZD más demandadas fueron lorazepam (11.862 casos), alprazolam (9.131) y lormetazepam (6.339), y de entre sus análogos zolpidem fue el más solicitado (3.331). Conclusiones: Dada la falta de conocimientos del paciente, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la duración del tratamiento con BZD y las precauciones que lleva asociadas su administración, una correcta dispensación puede ser de gran ayuda al paciente para que el tratamiento farmacológico se lleve a cabo de forma segura y eficaz

    Opto-electronic characterization of electron traps upon forming polymer oxide memory diodes

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    Metal-insulator-polymer diodes where the insulator is a thin oxide (Al2O3) layer are electroformed by applying a high bias. The initial stage is reversible and involves trapping of electrons near the oxide/polymer interface. The rate of charge trapping is limited by electron transport through the polymer. Detrapping of charge stored can be accomplished by illuminating with light under short-circuit conditions. The amount of stored charge is determined from the optically induced discharging current transient as a function of applied voltage and oxide thickness. When the charge density exceeds 8 1017/m2, an irreversible soft breakdown transition occurs to a non-volatile memory diode

    Programa D-VALOR, análisis de registros de dispensación. Benzodiazepinas

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    Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo dentro del programa D-VALOR consiste en la evaluación de las dispensaciones de benzodiazepina (BZD), así como su registro, y comprobar si el paciente tiene conocimiento acerca de los medicamentos que recibe, si los usa de forma correcta y si observa las precauciones necesarias que requiere el grupo terapéutico. Método: Se trata de un estudio multicéntrico, observacional y prospectivo de registros de dispensaciones. Se registraron 47.829 dispensaciones. Resultados: En todas las edades la mujer usa más este tipo de medicación que el hombre. El 82,10% de los tratamientos son de continuación; un 51% de los pacientes desconocen la duración del tratamiento en los de inicio, y un 44% en los de continuación. Esto es preocupante, pues los problemas que presentan los tratamientos con BZD y sus análogos (caídas, fracturas y efectos sobre la psicomotricidad) están relacionados con su uso prolongado. En cuanto al conocimiento de los pacientes sobre el medicamento, sólo un 54% tienen un conocimiento global del tratamiento en lo que se refiere a la posología, la pauta de uso y su duración. Un 23% de pacientes manifiestan no estar satisfechos con su tratamiento, de los cuales un 6% declaran estarlo parcialmente tras haber sufrido resultados negativos asociados a la medicación. Las BZD más demandadas fueron lorazepam (11.862 casos), alprazolam (9.131) y lormetazepam (6.339), y de entre sus análogos zolpidem fue el más solicitado (3.331). Conclusiones: Dada la falta de conocimientos del paciente, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la duración del tratamiento con BZD y las precauciones que lleva asociadas su administración, una correcta dispensación puede ser de gran ayuda al paciente para que el tratamiento farmacológico se lleve a cabo de forma segura y eficaz

    The role of internal structure in the anomalous switching dynamics of metal-oxide/polymer resistive random access memories

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    The dynamic response of a non-volatile, bistable resistive memory fabricated in the form of Al2O3/polymer diodes has been probed in both the off- and on-state using triangular and step voltage profiles. The results provide insight into the wide spread in switching times reported in the literature and explain an apparently anomalous behaviour of the on-state, namely the disappearance of the negative differential resistance region at high voltage scan rates which is commonly attributed to a “dead time” phenomenon. The off-state response follows closely the predictions based on a classical, two-layer capacitor description of the device. As voltage scan rates increase, the model predicts that the fraction of the applied voltage, Vox , appearing across the oxide decreases. Device responses to step voltages in both the off- and on-state show that switching events are characterized by a delay time. Coupling such delays to the lower values of Vox attained during fast scan rates, the anomalous observation in the on-state that, device currents decrease with increasing voltage scan rate, is readily explained. Assuming that a critical current is required to turn off a conducting channel in the oxide, a tentative model is suggested to explain the shift in the onset of negative differential resistance to lower voltages as the voltage scan rate increases. The findings also suggest that the fundamental limitations on the speed of operation of a bilayer resistive memory are the time- and voltage-dependences of the switch-on mechanism and not the switch-off process
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