ЭНДОКРИННЫЕ И СОПРЯЖЕННЫЕ С НИМИ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ КОНСЕРВАТИВНОГО / ХИМИОГОРМОНОТЕРАПЕВТИЧЕСКОГО / ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ОНКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ БОЛЬНЫХ: ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ И СТЕПЕНЬ ЦЕЛЕСООБРАЗНОСТИ КОРРЕКЦИИ

Treatment of patients with malignant tumors, largely involves the use of chemotherapy, targeted therapy and endocrine therapy (anti-hormonal and hormonal drugs). Depending on the location and nature of the tumor, surgical interventions aiming to remove some endocrine organs (in particular, ovarian, testicular, thyroid and endocrine portion of the pancreas, etc.) can lead to disruption of their function. The objective of presented study is to focus our attention mainly on the effects (including the steroid and non-steroidal components) of anticancer treatment in the endocrine system and in the outcomes associated with hormonal and metabolic changes, clinical and phenotypic features. These effects are manifested not only by changes of laboratory and instrumental parameters, but also accompanied by changes in the clinical manifestations of the disease and the patient's subjective feelings. The therapy often has adverse effects, as the anticipated final results of influence of such processes as weight gain, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, lack of ovarian, adrenal, growth hormone and testicular function, osteopenia, hot flushes, chronic fatigue e.t.c., which often limits the success of treatment. Passive registration of such violations, and the silent watching them – is only one side of the problem rather frequent enough, the other side - are the questions about modern approaches of their correction and its feasibility. In part, this problem has a genetic basis, which, along with other indicators, can determine not only the response to anti-tumor therapy, but the severity of endocrine changes, their potential prognostic role, as well as the indications for their prevention and elimination. There are many clinically significant situations that are need to be analysed and discussed, such as: complete androgen blockade in prostate cancer patients, endocrine effects of adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy in breast cancer patients of reproductive and postmenopausal age, the expected increase of the frequency of performing of preventive salpingoovariectomies in carriers of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, thyroid (in particular) and adrenocortical tropism of targeted therapy, consequences of high doses of corticosteroid support therapy, etc., that demonstrate the importance of this problem, considering these facts in clinical practice and the establishment of standards for the management of patients with these problems.Лечение больных, страдающих злокачественными новообразованиями, в значительной мере включает в себя применение химиотерапии, таргетной терапии и эндокринотерапии. (антигормональных и гормональных препаратов). В зависимости от локализации и природы опухолевого процесса, хирургические вмешательства, сводящихся к удалению некоторых эндокринных органов (в частности, яичников, тестикул, щитовидной и внутрисекреторной части поджелудочной железы и т. д.), могут приводить к нарушению их функции. Задача представленной работы состоит в том, чтобы, сконцентрировать наше внимание, преимущественно, на последствиях противоопухолевого лечения оказываемую на эндокринную систему (включая ее стероидный и нестероидный компоненты) и, главное, — на исходы, сопряженные с гормонально-метаболическими сдвигами, клиническими и фенотипическими особенностями. Такие последствия, проявляются не только изменениями лабораторных и инструментальных показателей, но и сопровождаются изменениями клинической картины заболевания, субъективных ощущений пациента. Проводимая терапия нередко оказываются «палкой о двух концах», поскольку на ожидаемые итоговые результаты влияют процессы такого рода, как прибавка массы тела, дислипидемия, нарушение толерантности к глюкозе, недостаточность овариальной, надпочечниковой, соматотропной и тестикулярной функции, остеопения, приливы, хроническая усталость т. д., что нередко ограничивает успех лечения. Пассивная регистрация подобных нарушений и молчаливое наблюдение за ними — лишь одна и достаточно нередкая сторона проблемы, другая — это вопросы о современных подходах их коррекции и целесообразности последних. Частично эта проблема имеет генетическое основание, которая, наряду с другими показателями, может определять не только реакцию на противоопухолевую терапию, но и степень выраженности эндокринных изменений, их потенциальную прогностическую роль, равно как и показания к их предупреждению / устранению. Круг клинически значимых и нуждающихся в анализе и обсуждении ситуаций, таких как: полная андрогенная блокада при раке предстательной железы, эндокринные последствия адъювантной химиотерапии и гормонотерапии при раке молочной железы у больных репродуктивного и постменопаузального возраста, ожидаемый всплеск частоты выполнения превентивной сальпингоовариэктомии у носительниц мутаций генов BRCA1 и BRCA2; «тиреоидная (в особенности) и адренокортикальная тропность» таргетной терапии, следствия высокодозной кортико-стероидной поддержки химиотерапии и т. д., свидетельствует о важности данной проблематики, необходимости ее учета в клинической практике и создании стандартов для ведения пациентов с перечисленными проблемами

Large-scale sea surface temperature variability from satellite and shipboard measurements

A series of satellite sea surface temperature (SST) intercomparison workshops were conducted under NASA sponsorship at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Three different satellite data sets were compared with each other, with routinely collected ship data, and with climatology for the months of November 1979, December 1981, March 1982, and July 1982. The three satellite data sets were (1) AVHRR-SST estimates produced operationally by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from the advanced very high resolution radiometer aboard the NOAA polar-orbiting weather satellites; (2) HIRS/MSU-SST estimates produced by a research group at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center from the 20-channel high resolution infrared sounder and the 4-channel microwave sounding unit, also aboard the NOAA satellites; and (3) SMMR-SST estimates produced by another group at Goddard from the scanning multifrequency microwave radiometer on the NASA research satellite Nimbus 7. The satellite and ship data were differenced against an accepted climatology to produce anomalies, which in turn were spatially and temporally averaged into 2° latitude-longitude, 1-month bins. Monthly statistics on the satellite and ship bin average SST yielded rms differences ranging from 0.58° to 1.37°C and mean differences ranging from -0.48° to 0.72°C, varying substantially from month to month and sensor to sensor. The SMMR generally had the largest rms differences and time-dependent biases, while the AVHRR and HIRS/MSU had smaller more comparable values. The monthly bins were further smoother spatially to correspond to 600-km averages to further suppress the noise of individual observations, particularly for the ship data. When this was done the monthly ship data standard deviations about climatology varied between 0.35° and 0.63°C. Taking these values as true SST signal standard deviation levels, and the satellite-ship rms differences as noise levels, results in signal-to-noise variance ratios of about 0.25 for SMMR and 1.0 for AVHRR and HIRS/MSU. Maps of SST anomaly reveal a complex pattern of partial agreement and disagreement between ship and satellite data. Maps of satellite minus ship and satellite minus satellite SST differences were often dominated by coherent large-scale patterns of obvious geophysical origin related to distributions of surface wind speed, atmospheric water vapor, cloudiness, and stratospheric aerosols. Unfortunately, the spatial scales of these patterns are often quite similar to those associated with actual SST anomalies. Caution must therefore be exercised when dealing with the satellite data so that errors are not misinterpreted as true SST anomalies

Determination of the Optimum Chemical Composition and Temperature Interval of Hot Deformation for Steels of Supermartensity Class

The formation problem of the “banded microstructure” defect in low-carbon steels of the supermartensitic class was described. Options for reducing the likelihood of this defect are proposed. For this, thermodynamic calculations were carried out in order to select the optimal chemical composition and temperature range of hot deformation.В работе описана проблема образования дефекта «полосчатости микроструктуры» в низкоуглеродистых сталях супермартенситного класса. Предложены варианты снижения вероятности образования данного дефекта. Для этого проведены термодинамические расчеты с целью подбора оптимального химического состава и температурного интервала горячей деформации

Implementation of a quantum algorithm to solve Bernstein-Vazirani's parity problem without entanglement on an ensemble quantum computer

Bernstein and Varizani have given the first quantum algorithm to solve parity problem in which a strong violation of the classical imformation theoritic bound comes about. In this paper, we refine this algorithm with fewer resource and implement a two qubits algorithm in a single query on an ensemble quantum computer for the first time

Two factor saturated designs: cycles, Gini index and state polytopes

In this paper we analyze and characterize the saturated fractions of two-factor designs under the simple effect model. Using Li et al.ear algebra, we define a criterion to check whether a given fraction is saturated or not. We also compute the number of saturated fractions, providing an alternative proof of the Cayley's formula. Finally we show how, given a list of saturated fractions, Gini indexes of their margins and the associated state polytopes could be used to classify them

Nonlinear Integer Programming

Research efforts of the past fifty years have led to a development of linear integer programming as a mature discipline of mathematical optimization. Such a level of maturity has not been reached when one considers nonlinear systems subject to integrality requirements for the variables. This chapter is dedicated to this topic. The primary goal is a study of a simple version of general nonlinear integer problems, where all constraints are still linear. Our focus is on the computational complexity of the problem, which varies significantly with the type of nonlinear objective function in combination with the underlying combinatorial structure. Numerous boundary cases of complexity emerge, which sometimes surprisingly lead even to polynomial time algorithms. We also cover recent successful approaches for more general classes of problems. Though no positive theoretical efficiency results are available, nor are they likely to ever be available, these seem to be the currently most successful and interesting approaches for solving practical problems. It is our belief that the study of algorithms motivated by theoretical considerations and those motivated by our desire to solve practical instances should and do inform one another. So it is with this viewpoint that we present the subject, and it is in this direction that we hope to spark further research.Comment: 57 pages. To appear in: M. J\"unger, T. Liebling, D. Naddef, G. Nemhauser, W. Pulleyblank, G. Reinelt, G. Rinaldi, and L. Wolsey (eds.), 50 Years of Integer Programming 1958--2008: The Early Years and State-of-the-Art Surveys, Springer-Verlag, 2009, ISBN 354068274

Determination of Temperature of (γ → α)-Transformation Using the Software Thermo-Calc for Small Carbon Low Alloy Steel

In this paper, we considered the capabilities of the Thermo-Calc program, which allows us to calculate equilibrium phase diagrams, the number and composition of phases, liquidus temperatures, equilibrium and nonequilibrium solidus, and phase formation under nonequilibrium conditions. Thermodynamic calculations were carried out to determine the temperature A3 for mild low-alloy steel for controlled thermomechanical processing (TMCP).В работе рассмотрены возможности программы Thermo-Calc, позволяющей проводить расчеты равновесных диаграмм состояния, количества и состава фаз, температур ликвидуса, равновесного и неравновесного солидуса, образования фаз в слабо неравновесных условиях. Проведены термодинамические расчеты по определению температуры А3 для малоуглеродистой низколегированной стали для контролируемой термомеханической обработки (TMCP).Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке стипендии Президента Российской Федерации (проект СП-259.2018.1)

The effects of crop diversity and crop type on biological diversity in agricultural landscapes: a systematic review protocol.

Agricultural intensification is a well-known driver of biodiversity loss. Crop diversity and its changes over space and time drive land use intensity and impact biodiversity of agricultural landscapes, while meeting the growing demand for human food and nutrition resources. Loss of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes reduces primary productivity and soil health and erodes a range of other ecosystem services. At present, while having partial understanding of many processes, we lack a general synthesis of our knowledge of the links between crop diversity and biodiversity. We will therefore conduct a systematic review by searching multiple agriculture, ecology and environmental science databases (e.g. Web of Science, Geobase, Agris, AGRICOLA, GreenFILE) to identify studies reporting the impacts of crop diversity and crop type on the biological diversity of fauna and flora in agricultural landscapes. Response variables will include metrics of species richness, abundance, assemblage, community composition and species rarity. Screening, data coding and data extraction will be carried out by one researcher and a subset will be independently carried out by a second researcher for quality control. Study quality and risk of bias will be assessed. Evidence will first be mapped to species/taxa then assessed for further narrative or statistical synthesis based on comparability of results and likely robustness. Gaps in the evidence base will also be identified with a view toward future research and policy directions for nutrition, food systems and ecology