29 research outputs found

    Negative Effect of Smoking on the Performance of the QuantiFERON TB Gold in Tube Test.

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    False negative and indeterminate Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) results are a well documented problem. Cigarette smoking is known to increase the risk of tuberculosis (TB) and to impair Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses to antigenic challenge, but the impact of smoking on IGRA performance is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on IGRA performance in TB patients in a low and high TB prevalence setting respectively. Patients with confirmed TB from Denmark (DK, n = 34; 20 smokers) and Tanzania (TZ, n = 172; 23 smokers) were tested with the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In tube (QFT). Median IFN-γ level in smokers and non smokers were compared and smoking was analysed as a risk factor for false negative and indeterminate QFT results. Smokers from both DK and TZ had lower IFN-γ antigen responses (median 0.9 vs. 4.2 IU/ml, p = 0.04 and 0.4 vs. 1.6, p < 0.01), less positive (50 vs. 86%, p = 0.03 and 48 vs. 75%, p < 0.01) and more false negative (45 vs. 0%, p < 0.01 and 26 vs. 11%, p = 0.04) QFT results. In Tanzanian patients, logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, HIV and alcohol consumption showed an association of smoking with false negative (OR 17.1, CI: 3.0-99.1, p < 0.01) and indeterminate QFT results (OR 5.1, CI: 1.2-21.3, p = 0.02). Cigarette smoking was associated with false negative and indeterminate IGRA results in both a high and a low TB endemic setting independent of HIV status

    Designing antifilarial drug trials using clinical trial simulators

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    Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) targeted for elimination by mass (antifilarial) drug administration. These drugs are predominantly active against the microfilarial progeny of adult worms. New drugs or combinations are needed to improve patient therapy and to enhance the effectiveness of interventions in persistent hotspots of transmission. Several therapies and regimens are currently in (pre-)clinical testing. Clinical trial simulators (CTSs) project patient outcomes to inform the design of clinical trials but have not been widely applied to NTDs, where their resource-saving payoffs could be highly beneficial. We demonstrate the utility of CTSs using our individual-based onchocerciasis transmission model (EPIONCHO-IBM) that projects trial outcomes of a hypothetical macrofilaricidal drug. We identify key design decisions that influence the power of clinical trials, including participant eligibility criteria and post-treatment follow-up times for measuring infection indicators. We discuss how CTSs help to inform target product profiles

    Etude technico-économique d'exploitations laitières en Nord Est : sonde RICA, résultats 1988

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    Generally, dairy farms of North-Eastern France are large farms where crops other than forage species are grown: with sometimes limited manpower, a cattle herd is raised for milk and meat production. Technical and economic results are often low when considered on a hectare basis, but they are rather favorable overall because of the farm size and the small number of workers. This global vision covers a number of situations that can be classified into three groups. The first which is the largest includes smaller, less modern farms located in the grassland areas on the North-East side. They are specialized in milk production but do produce small quantities of cattle meat. The agricultural income is average in spite of reduced operational and structure costs since the technical results are low and the number of workers high. The second group includes the larger and well-equiped farms of the Barois region with limited manpower where cereal crops represent 55% of the surface area. Intensive dairy cattle production gives good results in addition to a herd of heifers and/or bull calves for meat production. The agricultural income is higher: 151 000 F /farm - 103 600F/UTHF. The farms of the third groups are different because they are very big and have large and performing dairy cattle herds; the associated meat production is that of bull calf. The income increases with the farm size and is the highest of all groups: 267 600F/farm and 169 100F/UTHF. / Généralement, les exploitations de la sonde laitière Nord Est sont caractérisées par de grandes dimensions où les cultures non fourragères occupent parfois une place importante : elles entretiennent avec une main d'oeuvre quelquefois limitée un troupeau bovin lait auquel est souvent associée une production de viande bovine, basée sur la production de taurillons. Les résultats technico-économiques, ramenés à l'hectare, sont souvent faibles mais compensés par la dimension, ils sont par exploitation et par travailleur plutôt favorables. Cette vision globale recouvre une diversité de situations que l'on peut approcher autour de trois familles d'exploitations. La première famille, la plus nombreuse, rassemble les exploitations situées en zone herbagère du Nord-Est de plus faibles dimension (75 ha SAU), moins modernisées, plutôt spécialisées en production laitière (32 VL - 125 000 litres de lait), mais produisant aussi de la viande en petite quantité (taurillons, boeufs ou génisses). Les revenus agricoles obtenus sont modestes (95 000 F/exploitation - 57 000 F/UTH), malgré des charges opérationnelles et de structure réduites, car les résultats techniques sont faibles, et la main d'oeuvre relativement importante. La seconde famille comprend des exploitations du Barrois plus grandes (97 ha SAU) et bien équipées, à main d'oeuvre limitée, où les grandes cultures occupent plus de 55 % de la SAU. Le troupeau laitier (30 VL - 148 000 l lait) obtient de bonnes performances à partir d'une conduite intensive, et est complété par un troupeau allaitant et/ou une production de taurillons, assurant un produit viande important. Les revenus agricoles sont plus élevés : 151 000 F/exploitation - 103 600 F/UTHF. L'ensemble des exploitations de la troisième famille (où se trouve les G.A.E.C. de l'échantillon) se distingue par sa grande dimension (122 ha) et par la présence de grands troupeaux laitiers (68 VL - 337 000 litres de lait) performants et bien conduits : la production de viande associée est celle de taurillons (ou de veaux lourds). Les revenus progressent avec la dimension et sont les plus élevés de la sonde : 267 600 F/exploitation et 169 100 F/UTHF

    Production de jeunes bovins maigres ou engraissés en Limousin : campagne 1988-89

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    This is a comparison analysis of 2 farming systems of the Limousin breed: store animal production and fattening (young cattle and heifers) using a network of 30 farms in 1981/82. The results of both systems indicate that since 1985/86, calf producers obtain the highest income; for the 1988/89 campaign, the economic situation of the meat industry was favorable for all animal categories sold, and particularly for store animals and farm animals. The enlargment and modernization of recent years do not affect the production system of store animals. By opposition, certain finishers do have a hard time and do sell part of their male store animals. / L'étude porte sur l'analyse comparée de 2 systèmes d'élevage en race Limousine : la production de broutards et l'engraissement (jeunes bovins et génisses) à partir d'un réseau de 30 exploitations suivies depuis 1981/82. Les résultats dans les deux systèmes montrent que depuis 1985/86, ce sont les naisseurs qui obtiennent en moyenne les meilleurs revenus ; et pour la campagne 1988/89, la conjoncture bovine a été favorable pour toutes les catégories d'animaux vendus, et plus particulièrement les broutards et les animaux d'élevage. Le fort agrandissement et l'effort de modernisation réalisés au cours des derniers exercices n'entraîne pas de modification de la conduite du troupeau chez les producteurs de broutards ; par contre, certains engraisseurs réalisent un passage au maigre en commercialisant une partie des bovins mâles en broutards

    Molecular Probes for Glycosylation: Overview

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    Molecular Probes for Glycosylation: Overview

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