Infant Mortality and Financial Stability

Over four million newborn babies are encased in caskets and laid to rest in the world each year (Lawn 399). The comparison of infant mortality rates in the urban areas of Atlanta, Georgia and White Plains, New York shows the real cause of infant mortality: a lack of prenatal care due to inadequate financial income or assistance. With the establishment of free access to prenatal healthcare through organizations such as Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, underprivileged mothers incapable of affording their prenatal expenses, can benefit along with their infants. This study represents a start in a move toward preserving the future generations through prenatal care

The strange-sea quark spin distribution in the nucleon from inclusive and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering

We propose new method which allows determination of the strange-sea quark spin distribution in the nucleon through measurement of various inclusive and semi-inclusive polarized deep inelastic electron- or muon-proton reactions. It is shown, that using combinations of inclusive data and semi-inclusive data containing neutral pions in the final state, it is possible to extract the strange-sea quark spin distribution. Similar result can be obtained for charged pions and some other hadrons also

Patient safety and estimation of renal function in patients prescribed new oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation

OBJECTIVE: In clinical trials of dabigatran and rivaroxaban for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF), drug eligibility and dosing were determined using the Cockcroft-Gault equation to estimate creatine clearance as a measure of renal function. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare whether using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by the widely available and widely used Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation would alter prescribing or dosing of the renally excreted new oral anticoagulants. PARTICIPANTS: Of 4712 patients with known AF within a general practitioner-registered population of 930 079 in east London, data were available enabling renal function to be calculated by both Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD methods in 4120 (87.4%). RESULTS: Of 4120 patients, 2706 were <80 years and 1414 were ≥80 years of age. Among those ≥80 years, 14.9% were ineligible for dabigatran according to Cockcroft-Gault equation but would have been judged eligible applying MDRD method. For those <80 years, 0.8% would have been incorrectly judged eligible for dabigatran and 5.3% would have received too high a dose. For rivaroxaban, 0.3% would have been incorrectly judged eligible for treatment and 13.5% would have received too high a dose. CONCLUSIONS: Were the MDRD-derived eGFR to be used instead of Cockcroft-Gault in prescribing these new agents, many elderly patients with AF would either incorrectly become eligible for them or would receive too high a dose. Safety has not been established using the MDRD equation, a concern since the risk of major bleeding would be increased in patients with unsuspected renal impairment. Given the potentially widespread use of these agents, particularly in primary care, regulatory authorities and drug companies should alert UK doctors of the need to use the Cockcroft-Gault formula to calculate eligibility for and dosing of the new oral anticoagulants in elderly patients with AF and not rely on the MDRD-derived eGFR

A new species of \u3ci\u3eAtaenius\u3c/i\u3e Harold (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) from the southeastern United States, with a lectotype designation

A new species of Ataenius Harold, Ataenius thomasi Schnepp and Ashman (Coleoptera: Scara­baeidae: Aphodiinae), from Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi, U.S.A. is described. The lectotype for Ataenius brevis Fall is designated. In the United States and Canada the genus Ataenius Harold (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) contains 46 species (Stebnicka 2007; Smith 2009). The most recent faunal review of this genus in these countries was completed by Cartwright (1974). However, several species in that paper have been moved to other genera or syn­onymized (Stebnicka 2007). Stebnicka and Lago (2005) provide a key and catalog to the Ataenius strigatus group. Specimens of a putative new species of Ataenius occurring in northern Florida were located in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA). This new species is similar to Ataenius brevis Fall, but several morphological differences have been identified and are outlined in this paper. In looking for supplementary material, additional specimens of the new species were found in the Snow Entomological Museum Collection (SEMC) and United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM). After consulting the original description of A. brevis, it was discovered that no holotype was designated and that two specimens were present in the type series. Syntypes of A. brevis were borrowed to confirm the new species is morphologically distinct and a lectotype is designated to eliminate potential confusion with the new species and to fix the name to a single specimen

QCD Sum Rule Calculation of Twist-4 Corrections to Bjorken and Ellis-Jaffe Sum Rules

We calculate the twist-4 corrections to the integral of $g_1(x,Q^2)$ in the framework of QCD sum rules using an interpolating nucleon field which contains explicitly a gluonic degree of freedom. This information can be used together with previous calculations of the twist-3 contribution to the second moment of $g_2(x)$ to estimate the higher-twist corrections to the Ellis-Jaffe and Bjorken sum rules. We get $f^{(2)}(proton) = -0.037 \pm 0.006$ and $f^{(2)}(neutron) = -0.013 \pm 0.006$. Numerically our results roughly agree with those obtained by Balitsky, Braun and Kolesnichenko based on a sum rule for a simpler current. Our calculations are far more stable as tested within the sum rule approach but are more sensitive to less well known condensates.Comment: 18pp., 1 figure (uuencoded eps-file), Late

QCD Sum Rule Calculation of Twist-3 Contributions to Polarized Nucleon Structure Functions

Using the framework of QCD sum rules we predict the twist-3 contribution to the second moment of the polarized nucleon structure function $g_2(x)$. As the relevant local operator depends explicitely on the gluon field, we employ a recently studied interpolating nucleon current which contains three quark field and one gluon field operator. Despite the fact that our calculation is based on the analysis of a completely different correlation function, our estimates are consitent with those of Balitsky, Braun and Kolesnichenko who used a three-quark current.Comment: 16pp. , 2 figures (uuencoded eps-files), LateX. Some misprints corrected, results unchange

OPE analysis for polarized deep inelastic scattering

We present an explicit OPE analysis for the first moment of $g_1$ up to order $M^2/Q^2$. This result allows to calculate power corrections to the Bjorken and Ellis--Jaffe sum rules.Comment: 10 pages, minor modifications, revised version for the journa

The connection between single transverse spin asymmetries and the second moment of g2g_2

We point out that the size of the photon single spin asymmetry in high--energy proton proton collisions with one transversely polarized proton can be related to $d^{(2)}$, the twist three contribution to the second moment of $g_2$. Both quantities should be measured in the near future. The first was analysed by Qiu and Sterman, the second was estimated by Balitsky, Braun, and Kolesnichenko. Both experiments measure effectively the strength of the collective gluon field in the nucleon oriented relative to the nucleon spin. The sum rule results suggest that the single spin asymmetry is rather small for the proton, but could be substantial for the neutron.Comment: 6 pages, UFTP preprint 348/199

Modified Wandzura-Wilczek Relation with the Nachtmann Variable

If one retains M^2/Q^2 terms in the kinematics, the Nachtmann variable \xi seems to be more appropriate to describe deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering. Up to the first power of M^2/Q^2, a modified Wandzura-Wilczek relation with respect to \xi was derived. Kinematical correction factors are given as functions of \xi and Q^2. A comparison of the modified g_2^WW(\xi) and original g_2^WW(x) with the most recent g_2 data is shown.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, revised version with minor correction