RADseq data reveal a lack of admixture in a mouse lemur contact zone contrary to previous microsatellite results

Despite being one of the most fundamental biological processes, the process of speciation remains poorly understood in many groups of organisms. Mouse lemurs are a species-rich genus of small primates endemic to Madagascar, whose diversity has only recently been uncovered using genetic data and is primarily found among morphologically cryptic, allopatric populations. To assess to what extent described species represent reproductively isolated entities, studies are needed in areas where mouse lemur taxa come into contact. Hybridization has previously been reported in a contact zone between two closely related mouse lemur species ( Microcebus murinus and M. griseorufus ) based on microsatellite data. Here, we revisit this system using RADseq data for populations in, near, and far from the contact zone, including many of the individuals that had previously been identified as hybrids. Surprisingly, we find no evidence for admixed nuclear ancestry in any of the individuals. Re-analyses of microsatellite data and simulations suggest that previously inferred hybrids were false positives and that the program NewHybrids can be particularly sensitive to erroneously inferring hybrid ancestry. Using coalescent-bases analyses, we also show an overall lack of recent gene flow between the two species, and low levels of ancestral gene flow. Combined with evidence for local syntopic occurrence, these data indicate that M. murinus and M. griseorufus are reproductively isolated. Finally, we estimate that they diverged less than a million years ago, suggesting that completion of speciation is relatively rapid in mouse lemurs. Future work should focus on the underpinnings of reproductive isolation in this cryptic primate radiation, which are mostly unknown. Our study also provides a cautionary tale for the inference of hybridization with microsatellite data

Search For Exotics In Proton Antiproton Annihilation In Flight With The Crystal Barrel Experiment

An overview over the ongoing analyses of in flight data at PS197 is given. Most emphasis is put on the final states 3ß o , 2ß o j, 2jß o and 3j at an incident p \Gamma ~ momentum of 1.94 GeV=c. 1. Introduction Light meson spectroscopy nowadays aims to clarify the behaviour of quarks and gluons in the low energetic regime of non-perturbative QCD. Especially the finding of some predicted but still not experimentally confirmed states is of major interest in this field of physics. These are states which are not built up from a quark-antiquark pair like ordinary mesons but consist out of several qq \Gamma pairs (di-mesons, di-baryons,...) or contain so called constituent gluons (glueballs, hybrids). Always pp \Gamma annhilation has been considered as a source rich of glue. To overcome the limitations in the phasespace accessible in at rest experiments, Crystal Barrel has also measured with incident p \Gamma momenta of 600, 1200 and 1940 MeV=c corresponding to values of p s ..

Patient preference and tolerability of a DPP-4 inhibitor a GLP-1 analog in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin: a 24-week, randomized, multicenter, crossover study

Objective: The present study aimed to assess the patient preference and tolerability of oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (vildagliptin) versus injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 analog (liraglutide) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy. Methods: This 24-week, randomized, multicenter, crossover study, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy with hemoglobin A1c (HbA 1c ) ⩾6.5% and ⩽9.0% were randomized in a crossover manner to receive either vildagliptin/metformin single-pill combination (SPC) 50/1000 mg twice daily ( n = 32) or 1.2 mg liraglutide as an add-on to metformin (0.6 mg [weeks 0–1] followed by 1.2 mg [weeks 2–12] once daily/1000 mg twice daily) ( n = 30) for the first 12 weeks. Results: Patient preference at week 24 was similar, with 51.7% ( n = 31) patients preferring vildagliptin/metformin SPC compared with 48.3% ( n = 29) preferring liraglutide as an add-on to metformin therapy ( p = 0.449). Post hoc analyses showed that more elderly patients (⩾65 years) preferred vildagliptin (65%; n = 13) over liraglutide (35%; n = 7) therapy. Liraglutide was associated with better improvement in fasting plasma glucose (–21.5 mg/dl versus –3.4 mg/dl) and HbA 1c (–0.5% versus –0.3%) levels. Fewer adverse events were reported with vildagliptin/metformin SPC ( n = 16) compared with liraglutide as add-on to metformin treatment ( n = 46). Conclusions: In this pilot study, although both vildagliptin and liraglutide therapies were preferred similarly by the patients and showed effective control of glycemia over 12 weeks, vildagliptin was associated with fewer adverse events and was preferred more by elderly patients

Association of plasma aldosterone with the metabolic syndrome in two German populations

The aim of this study was to analyze the potential association of the plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in two German population-based studies. We selected 2830 and 2901 participants (31-80 years) from the follow-ups of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-1 and the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4 respectively. MetS was defined as the presence of at least three out of the following five criteria: waist circumference ≥94 cm (men (m)) and ≥80 cm (women (w)); high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol <1.0 mmol/l (m) and <1.3 mmol/l (w); blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or antihypertensive treatment; non-fasting glucose (SHIP-1) ≥8 mmol/l, fasting glucose (KORA F4) ≥5.55 mmol/l or antidiabetic treatment; non-fasting triglycerides (SHIP-1) ≥2.3 mmol/l, fasting triglycerides (KORA F4) ≥1.7 mmol/l, or lipid-lowering treatment. We calculated logistic regression models by comparing the highest study- and sex-specific PAC quintiles versus all lower quintiles. MetS was common with 48.1% (m) and 34.8% (w) in SHIP-1 and 42.7% (m) and 27.5% (w) in KORA F4. Our logistic regression models revealed associations of PAC with MetS, elevated triglycerides, and decreased HDL cholesterol in SHIP-1 and KORA F4. Our findings add to the increasing evidence supporting a relation between aldosterone and MetS and suggest that aldosterone may be involved in the pathophysiology of MetS and lipid metabolism disorders

Caesarean Section. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S3-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/084, June 2020).

Purpose This is an official S3-guideline of the German Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), the Austrian Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (ÖGGG) and the Swiss Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (SGGG). The guideline contains evidence-based information and recommendations on indications, complications, methods and care associated with delivery by caesarean section for all medical specialties involved as well as for pregnant women. Methods This guideline has adapted information and recommendations issued in the NICE Caesarean Birth guideline. This guideline also considers additional issues prioritised by the Cochrane Institute and the Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM). The evaluation of evidence was based on the system developed by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). A multi-part nominal group process moderated by the AWMF was used to compile this S3-level guideline. Recommendations Recommendations on consultations, indications and the process of performing a caesarean section as well as the care provided to the mother and neonate were drawn up

Die Low-Cost-Hypothese: Theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Implikationen

Die Low-Cost-Hypothese (LCH) postuliert, dass der Einfluss von Einstellungen auf das Verhalten von der Kostenträchtigkeit der Entscheidungssituation abhängt. In Niedrigkostensituationen sei der Effekt der Einstellungen höher als in Hochkostensituationen. Wir argumentieren, dass bei genauerer Betrachtung der Literatur zwei verschiedene Versionen der LCH zu finden sind, die nicht ausreichend voneinander getrennt werden. Wir rekonstruieren diese beiden Versionen, die "einfache" und die "spezifische" Version der LCH, und diskutieren ihre theoretischen Grundlagen und empirischen Implikationen. Die "einfache" Version ergibt sich aus einer einfachen nutzentheoretischen Modellierung des Entscheidungsproblems. In dieser Version der LCH wirken Einstellungen und (harte) Verhaltenskosten unabhängig voneinander auf den Netto-Erwartungsnutzen der Handlungsalternativen. Ein bedingter Effekt der Einstellungen in Abhängigkeit von den Verhaltenskosten ergibt sich lediglich in Bezug auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Wahl einer Handlungsalternativen. Diese Abhängigkeit der marginalen Effekte von dem Nutzenniveau oder der Basiswahrscheinlichkeit, auf der ein Akteur sich befindet, gilt jedoch für alle möglichen Einflussfaktoren oder Nutzenterme. Eine zweite, "spezifische" Version der LCH postuliert darüber hinausgehend einen variablenspezifischen Interaktionseffekt zwischen Einstellungen und Kosten. Während die meisten der zur Herleitung dieser Hypothese vorgebrachten Ansätze bei näherer Betrachtung unzureichend sind, bieten dual-process-Theorien eine Möglichkeit, die spezifische Version der LCH handlungstheoretisch zu fundieren und in ihrer bedingten Gültigkeit zu verstehen. Aus dem Beitrag ergeben sich sowohl Schlussfolgerungen für empirische Anwendungen und Tests der LCH in diversen soziologischen Forschungsgebieten als auch generell für die entscheidungstheoretische Analyse sozialen Handelns