Collaborative Insurance Sustainability and Network Structure

The peer-to-peer (P2P) economy has been growing with the advent of the Internet, with well known brands such as Uber or Airbnb being examples thereof. In the insurance sector the approach is still in its infancy, but some companies have started to explore P2P-based collaborative insurance products (eg. Lemonade in the U.S. or Inspeer in France). The actuarial literature only recently started to consider those risk sharing mechanisms, as in Denuit and Robert (2021) or Feng et al. (2021). In this paper, describe and analyse such a P2P product, with some reciprocal risk sharing contracts. Here, we consider the case where policyholders still have an insurance contract, but the first self-insurance layer, below the deductible, can be shared with friends. We study the impact of the shape of the network (through the distribution of degrees) on the risk reduction. We consider also some optimal setting of the reciprocal commitments, and discuss the introduction of contracts with friends of friends to mitigate some possible drawbacks of having people without enough connections to exchange risks

Torn Between Two Plates: Exhumation of the Cer Massif (Internal Dinarides) as a Far‐Field Effect of Carpathian Slab Rollback Inferred From 40 Ar/ 39 Ar Dating and Cross Section Balancing

Abstract Extension across the southern Pannonian Basin and the internal Dinarides is characterized by Oligo‐Miocene metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) exhumed along mylonitic low‐angle extensional shear zones. Cer MCC at the transition between Dinarides and Pannonian Basin occupies a structural position within the distal‐most Adriatic thrust sheet and originates from two different tectonic processes: Late Cretaceous‐Paleogene nappe‐stacking during a continent‐continent collision with Adria in a lower plate position, and exhumation related to Miocene extension driven by the Carpathian slab‐rollback. Structural data and a balanced cross section across the Cer massif show linking of the exhuming shear zone to a breakaway fault, which reactivated the early Late Cretaceous most internal nappe contact. Paleozoic greenschist‐to amphibolite‐grade lithologies surround a polyphase intrusion composed of I‐ and S‐type granites and were exhumed along a shear zone characterized by top‐N transport. Thermobarometric analyses indicate an intrusion depth of 7–8 km of the Oligocene I‐type granite; cooling below ∼500°C occurred at 25.4 ± 0.6 Ma (1σ) yielded by 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of hornblende. Biotite and white mica from this intrusion as well as from the mylonitic shear zone yield 40 Ar/ 39 Ar cooling ages of 17–18 Ma independent of the used techniques (in situ laser ablation, single‐grain total fusion, single‐grain step heating, and multi‐grain step heating). White mica from the S‐type granite yield an 40 Ar/ 39 Ar cooling age of 16.7 ± 0.1 Ma (1σ). Associated dikes intruding the shear zone were also affected by N‐S extension resulting in the exhumation of the MCC, which was triggered by the opening of the Pannonian back‐arc basin in response to the Carpathian slab‐rollback.Plain Language Summary Horizontal stretching of continental plates induces thinning of the crustal upper part, melting of rocks, the sinking of the land surface, and formation of large basins. One of the world's best‐studied basins formed by such a process is the Central European Pannonian Basin. This basin is surrounded by the mountain belts of the Alps, Carpathians, and Dinarides. We have studied rocks between the Pannonian Basin and the southerly adjacent Dinaride Mountains, where rocks deposited in the basin are found right next to rocks that were initially about 7–8 km deep in the crust. These rocks are separated by a shear zone, along which they were brought to the surface. We have dated the activity of the shear zone by measuring concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products contained in deformed minerals. The shear zone was active at a time when the Pannonian Basin started to open due to tectonic processes further NE underneath the Carpathian mountain chain. We also found evidence that the shear zone, which brought metamorphic rocks upwards was formerly one that brought rocks downwards into the crust during an earlier phase of mountain building, predating basin formation.Key Points Activity along the shear zone exhuming Cer metamorphic core complex in the internal Dinarides was dated by 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology to ∼17 Ma Exhumation was facilitated by extensional reactivation of Late Cretaceous‐Paleogene nappe contacts resulting from Adria‐Europe collision Extensional reactivation of the thrusts is interpreted as a far‐field effect of Oligo‐Miocene Carpathian slab rollbac

Digitale Erlösstrategien für Verlage

Deutsche Verlage verfolgen mit ihren Online-Aktivitäten vor allem das Ziel der Diversifikation, da sie mit Inhalten und Werbung (noch) relativ wenig Geld im Netz verdienen. Gleichzeitig leiden Zeitschriften- und Zeitschriftenverlage unter Änderungen im Mediennutzungsverhalten und zurückgehenden Werbeausgaben. Deshalb engagieren sie sich nicht nur mit publizistischen Angeboten, sondern verlängern ihre Wertschöpfungsketten mit verlagsfremden Geschäftsmodellen wie E-Commerce, Preisvergleichen und Dating-Sites (Teil 1). Durch die Aufnahme verlagsfremder Produkte in das Portfolio versuchen sie, von unterschiedlichen Renditemodellen zu profitieren, das unternehmerische Risiko zu streuen und Wachstumschancen zu nutzen. Um aus den Innovationen und veränderten Marktbedingungen einen Vorteil ziehen zu können, gehören die traditionellen Geschäftsmodelle auf den Prüfstand. Nutzversprechen, Wertschöpfung und Ertragsmodelle müssen neu erdacht werden. Das Werbegeschäft muss besser steuerbar, also an die Bedürfnisse der Online-Werbekunden angepasst werden. Außerdem müssen Kosten gesenkt und Ersparnisse in zukünftige Wachstumsfelder investiert werden. In dieser Arbeit werden zunächst die Zusammensetzung der Erlöse aus dem Onlinegeschäft sowie deren Wachstumspotential analysiert (Teil 2) und darauf au$auend strategische Maßnahmen für strukturelle Anpassungsprozesse, Investitionen und das Marketing erarbeitet (Teil 3). Eine wertende Zusammenfassung der zentralen Aussagen und wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Arbeit bildet mit einer Schlussfolgerung und einem entsprechenden Ausblick in die verlegerische Zukunft den Abschluss der Arbeit (Teil 4). Bei den betrachteten Unternehmen handelt es sich um Zeitschriften- und Zeitungsverlage. Nicht zuletzt hat bei der Auswahl der Verlagsunternehmen auch die Verfügbarkeit von entsprechenden Informationen eine Rolle gespielt

Sliced Path Prefixes: An Effective Method to Enable Refinement Selection

Part 5: Efficient Verification TechniquesInternational audienceAutomatic software verification relies on constructing, for a given program, an abstract model that is (1) abstract enough to avoid state-space explosion and (2) precise enough to reason about the specification. Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement is a standard technique that suggests to extract information from infeasible error paths, in order to refine the abstract model if it is too imprecise. Existing approaches —including our previous work— do not choose the refinement for a given path systematically. We present a method that generates alternative refinements and allows to systematically choose a suited one. The method takes as input one given infeasible error path and applies a slicing technique to obtain a set of new error paths that are more abstract than the original error path but still infeasible, each for a different reason. The (more abstract) constraints of the new paths can be passed to a standard refinement procedure, in order to obtain a set of possible refinements, one for each new path. Our technique is completely independent from the abstract domain that is used in the program analysis, and does not rely on a certain proof technique, such as SMT solving. We implemented the new algorithm in the verification framework CPAchecker and made our extension publicly available. The experimental evaluation of our technique indicates that there is a wide range of possibilities on how to refine the abstract model for a given error path, and we demonstrate that the choice of which refinement to apply to the abstract model has a significant impact on the verification effectiveness and efficiency

Precision Reuse for Efficient Regression Verification

Continuous testing during development is a well-established technique for software-quality assurance. Continuous model checking from revision to revision is not yet established as a standard practice, because the enormous resource consumption makes its application impractical. Model checkers compute a large number of verification facts that are necessary for verifying if a given specification holds. We have identified a category of such intermediate results that are easy to store and efficient to reuse: abstraction precisions. The precision of an abstract domain specifies the level of abstraction that the analysis works on. Precisions are thus a precious result of the verification effort and it is a waste of resources to throw them away after each verification run. In particular, precisions are reasonably small and thus easy to store; they are easy to process and have a large impact on resource consumption. We experimentally show the impact of precision reuse on industrial verification problems created from 62 Linux kernel device drivers with 1 119 revisions

Torn Between Two Plates: Exhumation of the Cer Massif (Internal Dinarides) as a Far‐Field Effect of Carpathian Slab Rollback Inferred From 40Ar/39Ar Dating and Cross Section Balancing

Extension across the southern Pannonian Basin and the internal Dinarides is characterized by Oligo‐Miocene metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) exhumed along mylonitic low‐angle extensional shear zones. Cer MCC at the transition between Dinarides and Pannonian Basin occupies a structural position within the distal‐most Adriatic thrust sheet and originates from two different tectonic processes: Late Cretaceous‐Paleogene nappe‐stacking during a continent‐continent collision with Adria in a lower plate position, and exhumation related to Miocene extension driven by the Carpathian slab‐rollback. Structural data and a balanced cross section across the Cer massif show linking of the exhuming shear zone to a breakaway fault, which reactivated the early Late Cretaceous most internal nappe contact. Paleozoic greenschist‐to amphibolite‐grade lithologies surround a polyphase intrusion composed of I‐ and S‐type granites and were exhumed along a shear zone characterized by top‐N transport. Thermobarometric analyses indicate an intrusion depth of 7–8 km of the Oligocene I‐type granite; cooling below ∼500°C occurred at 25.4 ± 0.6 Ma (1σ) yielded by 40Ar/39Ar dating of hornblende. Biotite and white mica from this intrusion as well as from the mylonitic shear zone yield 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages of 17–18 Ma independent of the used techniques (in situ laser ablation, single‐grain total fusion, single‐grain step heating, and multi‐grain step heating). White mica from the S‐type granite yield an 40Ar/39Ar cooling age of 16.7 ± 0.1 Ma (1σ). Associated dikes intruding the shear zone were also affected by N‐S extension resulting in the exhumation of the MCC, which was triggered by the opening of the Pannonian back‐arc basin in response to the Carpathian slab‐rollback.Plain Language Summary: Horizontal stretching of continental plates induces thinning of the crustal upper part, melting of rocks, the sinking of the land surface, and formation of large basins. One of the world's best‐studied basins formed by such a process is the Central European Pannonian Basin. This basin is surrounded by the mountain belts of the Alps, Carpathians, and Dinarides. We have studied rocks between the Pannonian Basin and the southerly adjacent Dinaride Mountains, where rocks deposited in the basin are found right next to rocks that were initially about 7–8 km deep in the crust. These rocks are separated by a shear zone, along which they were brought to the surface. We have dated the activity of the shear zone by measuring concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products contained in deformed minerals. The shear zone was active at a time when the Pannonian Basin started to open due to tectonic processes further NE underneath the Carpathian mountain chain. We also found evidence that the shear zone, which brought metamorphic rocks upwards was formerly one that brought rocks downwards into the crust during an earlier phase of mountain building, predating basin formation.Key Points: Activity along the shear zone exhuming Cer metamorphic core complex in the internal Dinarides was dated by 40Ar/39Ar geochronology to ∼17 Ma. Exhumation was facilitated by extensional reactivation of Late Cretaceous‐Paleogene nappe contacts resulting from Adria‐Europe collision. Extensional reactivation of the thrusts is interpreted as a far‐field effect of Oligo‐Miocene Carpathian slab rollback