La prévention de la maladie, une construction sociale de l’anticipation. Analyse de la hiérarchisation des pratiques d’anticipation dans des ménages à l’Ouest du Burkina Faso

Prévenir la maladie équivaut à intervenir avant la maladie, à prendre les dispositions nécessaires pour empêcher son apparition. Cela revient à agir par anticipation sur l’état de maladie de sorte à éviter que la maladie ne commence. De ce fait, la prévention est une question d’anticipation. Elle est étroitement liée à l’aptitude des acteurs sociaux à anticiper sur les événements futurs. A partir d’une approche qualitative et quantitative, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse montrent que l..

La prévention de la maladie, une construction sociale de l’anticipation. Analyse de la hiérarchisation des pratiques d’anticipation dans des ménages à l’Ouest du Burkina Faso

Prévenir la maladie équivaut à intervenir avant la maladie, à prendre les dispositions nécessaires pour empêcher son apparition. Cela revient à agir par anticipation sur l’état de maladie de sorte à éviter que la maladie ne commence. De ce fait, la prévention est une question d’anticipation. Elle est étroitement liée à l’aptitude des acteurs sociaux à anticiper sur les événements futurs. A partir d’une approche qualitative et quantitative, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse montrent que l..

Personal protection of long lasting insecticide-treated nets in areas of Anopheles gambiae s.s. resistance to pyrethroids

BACKGROUND: The development of mosquito nets pre-treated with insecticide, Long Lasting Impregnated Nets (LLINs) that last the life span of the net, is a solution to the difficulty of the re-impregnation of conventional nets. Even if they showed a good efficacy in control conditions, their efficacy in the field, particularly in areas with resistance of Anopheles gambiae to pyrethroids, is not well documented. This study compares wide (Olyset(®)) and small (Permanet(®)) mesh LLINs in field conditions, using entomological parameters. METHODS: The two LLINs were tested in a rice-growing area of south-western Burkina Faso (West Africa) with year around high density of the main malaria vector An. gambiae s.s. In the study village (VK6), there is a mixed population of two molecular forms of An. gambiae, the S-form which dominates during the rainy season and the M-form which dominates the rest of the year. The two LLINs Olyset(® )and Permanet(® )were distributed in the village and 20 matched houses were selected for comparison with four houses without treated nets. RESULTS: Mosquito entrance rate was ten fold higher in control houses than in houses with LLINs and there was no difference between the two net types. Among mosquitoes found in the houses, 36 % were dead in LLIN houses compared to 0% in control houses. Blood feeding rate was 80 % in control houses compared to 43 % in LLIN houses. The type of net did not significantly impact any of these parameters. No mosquitoes were found inside Permanet(®), whereas dead or dying mosquitoes were collected inside the Olyset(®). More than 60% of mosquitoes found on top or inside the nets had had blood meals from cattle, as shown by ELISA analysis. CONCLUSION: The percentage of blood-fed mosquitoes in a bed net study does not necessarily determine net success. The efficacy of the two types of LLINs was comparable, during a period when the S-form of An. gambiae was carrying the kdr gene. Significantly higher numbers of mosquitoes were collected in control houses compared to intervention houses, indicating that the LLINs provided an additional deterrent effect, which enhanced their expected prevention capacity

Parasitological Indices of Malaria Transmission in Children under Fifteen Years in Two Ecoepidemiological Zones in Southwestern Burkina Faso

Twenty years after the latest publications performed on the parasitological indices of malaria transmission in northwest of the second city of Burkina Faso, it was important to update the epidemiological profile of malaria in children under the age of 15 years. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the parasitological parameters of malaria transmission by season, area, and age in the two zones (rice and savanna) in the northwest of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Overall, the results showed that there was no significant difference in the parasitological indices of malaria transmission within children under fifteen years between the rice site and the savannah site and whatever the season (P>0.05). The profound environmental modifications that occurred in the rice zone would have led to changes in vector behavior and consequently to changes in the epidemiological profile of malaria, contrary to the results obtained since the last publications. An entomological study correlated with this study is therefore necessary for effective decision-making for the malaria control in both areas. Future research must now focus on the impact that these profound environmental modifications of rice area are having on malaria control in Burkina Faso

Decreased motivation in the use of insecticide-treated nets in a malaria endemic area in Burkina Faso

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The use of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) is an important tool in the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) strategy. For ITNs to be effective they need to be used correctly. Previous studies have shown that many factors, such as wealth, access to health care, education, ethnicity and gender, determine the ownership and use of ITNs. Some studies showed that free distribution and public awareness campaigns increased the rate of use. However, there have been no evaluations of the short- and long-term impact of such motivation campaigns. A study carried out in a malaria endemic area in south-western Burkina Faso indicated that this increased use declined after several months. The reasons were a combination of the community representation of malaria, the perception of the effectiveness and usefulness of ITNs and also the manner in which households are organized by day and by night.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>PermaNet 2.0^®and Olyset^®were distributed in 455 compounds at the beginning of the rainy season. The community was educated on the effectiveness of nets in reducing malaria and on how to use them. To assess motivation, qualitative tools were used: one hundred people were interviewed, two hundred houses were observed directly and two houses were monitored monthly throughout one year.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The motivation for the use of bednets decreased after less than a year. Inhabitants' conception of malaria and the inconvenience of using bednets in small houses were the major reasons. Acceptance that ITNs were useful in reducing malaria was moderated by the fact that mosquitoes were considered to be only one of several factors which caused malaria. The appropriate and routine use of ITNs was adversely affected by the functional organization of the houses, which changed as between day and night. Bednets were not used when the perceived benefits of reduction in mosquito nuisance and of malaria were considered not to be worth the inconvenience of daily use.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In order to bridge the gap between possession and use of bednets, concerted efforts are required to change behaviour by providing accurate information, most particularly by convincing people that mosquitoes are the only source of malaria, whilst recognising that there are other diseases with similar symptoms, caused in other ways. The medical message must underline the seriousness of malaria and the presence of the malaria vector in the dry season as well as the wet, in order to encourage the use of bednets whenever transmission can occur. Communities would benefit from impregnated bednets and other vector control measures being better adapted to their homes, thus reducing the inconvenience of their use.</p

Prevention of mosquito nuisance among urban populations in Burkina Faso

This paper addresses the problems of mosquito control in urban areas of Burkina Faso. The main objectives are to examine relevant socio-cultural aspects in relation to a mosquito control intervention using a biolarvicide with main emphasis on local perceptions of mosquito nuisance and existing practices of mosquito control, including the cost of protective measures at household level. This is the report of an inter-disciplinary research project carried out in the two major towns of Burkina Faso, Bobo-Dioulasso and Ouagadougou, in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the ethnographic part of the study. Two questionnaire surveys were conducted in both study areas: one prior to the intervention (n=1083) and the other after the intervention of the treatments with bio-larvicide (n=956). In addition, 70 in-depth interviews and 17 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted. The findings show that mosquitoes are considered an important problem in the urban areas, both as a nuisance and a health risk and that the local population is very active in applying mosquito control measures at the household level. The intervention project was received positively by the local population with a decline in the perceived level of annoyance. The causal relationship between mosquitoes and malaria is clear, but the explanatory framework of the relationship between mosquitoes and other diseases is still under debate. The most common prevention methods are mosquito coils and aerosol spray, even though bed nets are perceived to be the most efficient and effective method. The investments in coils and aerosol sprays alone would mean an increase of 40% in the national figures for health expenditure at household level.Mosquitoes Prevention Urban population Malaria Cost Burkina Faso

Sustainable innovation in vector control requires strong partnerships with communities

Este artículo consta de 5 páginas.Peer reviewe

Les terrains du développement et de l’humanitaire : convergences et renouveau réflexif

Issu du colloque 2013 de l’APAD, le dossier de ce numéro rassemble des textes qui explorent dans une logique réflexive les difficultés et spécificités des enquêtes « en terrains difficiles », que ceux-ci soient liés à des objets intimes et occultés comme l’avortement, à des régimes politiques autoritaires, à des contextes de violence et d’insécurité physique. Ce numéro double commence par un hommage à notre collègue Hadiza Moussa, tragiquement disparue en juillet 2013. The texts which came out of the 2013 APAD conference make up the feature section of this issue, exploring the difficulties and specificities of “challenging environments” from a reflexive point of view, whether they be related to intimate objects such as abortion, to authoritarian political regimes, or to contexts of physical violence and insecurity. This double issue opens with homage to our colleague Hadiza Moussa, who, tragically, passed away in July, 2013