Enxertia e caracterização de rambutanzeiro por aspectos foliares

Devido a grande diversidade genética das plantas de rambutan, com este trabalho objetivou-se, determinar o melhor tipo de enxertia, proteção do enxerto e tipo de porta enxerto para propagação do rambutanzeiro e, verificar, a possibilidade de distinção de genótipos e sexos de materiais por meio de aspectos foliares, possibilitando, o reconhecimento das plantas na fase inicial de desenvolvimento, quando originadas por sementes. As enxertias foram repetidas em duas épocas do ano (outono/inverno e primavera/verão), e os tratamentos foram: 4 tipos de enxertia (inglês simples-IS; fenda cheia-FC; fenda esvaziada-FE e fenda esvaziada invertida-FEI), 2 tipos de materiais de proteção do enxerto (Biodegradável e Plástico) e 2 tipos de porta enxertos (sem ou com folhas). As variáveis analisadas foram: porcentagem de pegamento, número e comprimento das brotações (cm). Para caracterização foliar foram selecionadas 10 plantas produtivas e 10 masculinas, sendo estas denominadas de acordo com a disposição no pomar. Estas foram avaliadas quanto a disposição dos folíolos na ráquis (alternos ou opostos), tamanho de folhas e folíolos (comprimento e largura, em cm), área do folíolo (cm2), número de folíolos, comprimento da ráquis (cm), comprimento dos intervalos entre pecíolos (cm), coloração (L*, a*, b*, C* e H*) dos folíolos (superfície superior e inferior). Para as enxertias realizadas no outono/inverno, tanto a garfagem por fenda cheia como inglês simples com fita biodegradável e porta enxerto sem folhas proporcionaram os melhores resultados na propagação do rambutanzeiro. As características relacionadas a coloração inferior dos folíolos, podem ser aspectos foliares diferenciais em plantas produtivas como observado nas plantas LB10_F, LB11_F e LB91_F, e as análises multivariadas permitiram concluir que há baixa distância genética entre as plantas estudadas, e com base...Due to the great genetic diversity of plants rambutan, this study aimed to determine the best type of grafting, graft protection and type of rootstock for propagation of rambutan tree, and to verify the possibility of distinguishing genotypes and sexes materials through leaves aspects, allowing the recognition of plants in the early stage of development, when originated from seeds. The grafting were repeated in two seasons (autumn/winter and spring/summer), and, the treatment were four types of grafting (whip graft-WG; cleft graft –CG; wedge graft-WG; and inverted wedge graft-IWG;), 2 types of graft protection (Biodegradable and plastic) and 2 types of rootstock (without or with leaves). The variables analyzed in this study were: percentage of grafting success, number and length of buds (cm). Were selected to leaf characterization 10 production plants and 10 male, and these are called according to the arrangement in the orchard. These were evaluated for: leaflet disposition in the stem (alternate or opposite), leaves and leaflet size (length and width, in cm), leaflet area (cm2), number of leaflets, stem length (cm), length of the intervals between the petioles (cm), coloration (L *, a *, b *, C * and H *) of the leaflet (inferior and superior sides). For grafting performed in autumn / winter, both by cleft grafting as whip graft with biodegradable strip and rootstock leafless provided the best results in propagation of rambutan tree. That the characteristics related to inferior coloration leaflets, can be foliar aspects differentials in production plants as observed in plants LB10_F, LB11_F and LB91_F, and multivariate analyzes concluded that there is low genetic distance between the plants studied, and based on the aspects leaves analyzed was not possible to identify a outstanding characteristic of all plants of the same se

ADVANCES IN THE PROPAGATION OF RAMBUTAN TREE

ABSTRACT The reality of Brazilian fruit farming is demonstrating increasing demand for sustainable information about native and exotic fruit, which can diversify and elevate the efficiency of fruit exploitation. Research on propagation of fruits tree is very important so that it can provide a protocol for suitable multiplication of this fruitful. Due to the great genetic diversity of rambutan plants, it is recommended the use of vegetative propagated plants. This research aimed to evaluate the propagation of rambutan by cuttings, layering and grafting, as well as seed germination and viability without storage. The results of this research indicate that this species can be successfully propagated by layering, grafting and seeds. We also observed that the germination percentage of seeds kept inside the fruits for six days were not influenced by the different substrates used in this experiment

Avaliação de fungicidas no controle de Asperisporium caricae na cultura do mamoeiro

Dentre as doenças fúngicas do mamoeiro, a varíola (Asperisporium caricae) é umas das doenças mais importantes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a eficácia de fungicidas no controle da varíola em folhas e frutos do mamoeiro. O experimento foi conduzido em área comercial, no município de Taquarintiga - SP, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina (0,06 L.100L-1 de água), piraclostrobina (0,04 L.100L-1 de água), difenoconazol (0,03 L.100L-1 de água), azoxistrobina (128 g.ha-1) e a testemunha. Foram realizadas três avaliações, nas quais foram avaliadas a severidade da varíola através de escala diagramática, nas folhas e nos frutos de três plantas previamente marcadas. Os dados registrados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F, e as médias, comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p<0,05). Os fungicidas tebuconazol+trifloxistrobina, piraclostrobina, difenoconazol e azoxistrobina foram eficientes no controle da varíola.Among the fungal diseases as smallpox (Asperisporium caricae) is the most important diseases of papaya. Objectives of this article were to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides to control smallpox papaya. The experiment was conducted in a commercial area in the municipality of Taquarintiga - SP in RBD with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were Tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (0.06 L / 100L), Pyraclostrobin (0.04 L/100L) Difenoconazol (0.03 L/100L), Azoxystrobin and a witness. Were performed 3 evaluations, which were evaluated the severity of smallpox through diagrammatic scale, on leaves and fruits of three plants previously marked and on each assessment two leaves and four fruits were chosen randomly and evaluated. The data were subjected to analysis of variance by F test and means compared by Scott-Knott test (p <0.05). The products Tebuconazol + trifloxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Difenoconazol and Azoxystrobin controlled smallpox, but were not effective for control of anthracnose

EFFECT OF FRUIT THINNING INTENSITY ON FIVE VARIETIES OF LYCHEE

Fruit thinning is the removal of fruitlets in heavy fruit set situations and aims to increase salable fruit sizes, avoid branch breakdown, reduce harvesting costs, and promote a balance between the vegetative and reproductive growth of plants. Furthermore, this procedure may improve coloring, increase soluble solids, and maintain plant vigor. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fruit thinning in five varieties of lychee (Bengal, American, Mauritius, Sweet Cliff, and WB4), in the conditions of Jaboticabal - São Paulo state (Brazil). The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and seven replications of three plants each. Treatments consisted of fruit thinning intensities characterized by the number of fruit left on terminal branch panicles, being T1: 3 fruits/branch; T2: 6 fruits /branch; T3: 9 fruit/ branch; T4: 12 fruits/branch; T5: no thinning (control plot). Evaluations were made through a colorimetric assay on ripe fruits, besides a physical and chemical analysis for each variety. The treatments affected the response of varieties on each studied variable. The variety “Mauritius” showed interesting physical and chemical characteristics for the consumer market

Association between IL-27 and Tr1 cells in severe form of paracoccidioidomycosis

Interleukin-27, a cytokine of the IL-12 family, is secreted by antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Recent studies suggest an anti-inflammatory role for IL-27 by inducing IL-10 producing Tr1 cells capable of inhibiting Th1 and Th17 type responses. Our study aimed to investigate the involvement of IL-27 and Tr1 cells in the immunomodulation of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Brazil. The presence of IL-27 was evaluated in serum and biopsies of patients with PCM by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The presence of Tr1 in peripheral blood was analyzed by flow cytometry. In vitro assays were performed to verify the ability of P. brasiliensis yeast to induce IL-27 production by DCs and macrophages, as well as the polarization of lymphocytes to the Tr1 phenotype. Patients with the acute form and severe chronic form, the most severe and disseminated forms of PCM, presented higher serum concentrations of IL-27 and higher percentage of Tr1 cells compared to patients with mild chronic form. IL-27 was also detected in lesions of patients with PCM and associated with DCs and macrophages. P. brasiliensis Pb18 yeasts were able to induce IL-27 production by both DCs and macrophages. We found that DCs pulsed with Pb18 were able to induce Tr1 lymphocytes in vitro. Our data suggest that IL-27 and Tr1 cells could contribute to the deficient immune response to P. brasiliensis that leads to severe and disseminated forms of the disease12

Implementation of a Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional (BALANCE) Program for improvement on quality of diet and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events: A randomized, multicenter trial

Background: Appropriate dietary recommendations represent a key part of secondary prevention in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated the effectiveness of the implementation of a nutritional program on quality of diet, cardiovascular events, and death in patients with established CVD. Methods: In this open-label, multicenter trial conducted in 35 sites in Brazil, we randomly assigned (1:1) patients aged 45 years or older to receive either the BALANCE Program (experimental group) or conventional nutrition advice (control group). The BALANCE Program included a unique nutritional education strategy to implement recommendations from guidelines, adapted to the use of affordable and regional foods. Adherence to diet was evaluated by the modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index. The primary end point was a composite of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, stroke, myocardial revascularization, amputation, or hospitalization for unstable angina. Secondary end points included biochemical and anthropometric data, and blood pressure levels. Results: From March 5, 2013, to Abril 7, 2015, a total of 2534 eligible patients were randomly assigned to either the BALANCE Program group (n = 1,266) or the control group (n = 1,268) and were followed up for a median of 3.5 years. In total, 235 (9.3%) participants had been lost to follow-up. After 3 years of follow-up, mean modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index (scale 0-70) was only slightly higher in the BALANCE group versus the control group (26.2 ± 8.4 vs 24.7 ± 8.6, P <.01), mainly due to a 0.5-serving/d greater intake of fruits and of vegetables in the BALANCE group. Primary end point events occurred in 236 participants (18.8%) in the BALANCE group and in 207 participants (16.4%) in the control group (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI 0.95-1.38; P =.15). Secondary end points did not differ between groups after follow-up. Conclusions: The BALANCE Program only slightly improved adherence to a healthy diet in patients with established CVD and had no significant effect on the incidence of cardiovascular events or death. © 2019 The Author