299 research outputs found
Heterogeneous Expectations, Short Sales Regulation and the Risk Return Relationship
This paper examines, in a Canadian context, the effect of short sales regulation on the risk-return relationship. Drawing from Jarrow's work (1980), we derive an equilibrium risk-return relationship that accounts for both heterogeneous expectations and short sales regulation. We conclude that the required rate of return on risky assets in a world where short sales are forbidden is equal to the required rate which would prevail in a world free of short sales restrictions, minus an opportunity cost induced by short sales regulation. We show that, theoretically, this opportunity cost is positively related to the dispersion of agents' beliefs and negatively related to the security's liquidity level. We test the model over the sixty-month period from January 1985 through December 1989 and use 13079 observations (220 companies on average). We pool all the observations into a time series cross-sectional model and use Litzenberger and Ramaswamy's methodology (1979) to address three econometric problems: heteroscedasticity, cross-correlation of disturbance terms and beta measurement errors. The results permit us to establish that a negative linear relationship links expected risky asset returns and the divergence of agents' beliefs. This negative relationship is consistent with the presence of opportunity costs resulting from short sales regulation when return beliefs are heterogeneous. We find that the negative relationship between security returns and dispersion of beliefs is essentially confined to illiquid securities, that is, those monitored by a small number of analysts. Finally, these results are not modified when tested on two sub-periods nor when we introduce two control variables (size, as measured by the number of analysts monitoring the stock, and January effect).
L'Ă©tude traite de l'effet de la rĂ©glementation des ventes Ă dĂ©couvert sur la relation rendement-risque, au Canada. ž partir du cadre dĂ©veloppĂ© par Jarrow (1980), nous dĂ©veloppons une expression de la relation rendement-risque lorsque les anticipations des agents sont hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes et les ventes Ă dĂ©couvert sont restreintes. Il apparaĂźt alors que les restrictions sur les ventes Ă dĂ©couvert induisent un coĂ»t d'opportunitĂ© qui rĂ©duit le taux de rendement anticipĂ©. Ce coĂ»t d'opportunitĂ© devrait ĂȘtre une fonction positive de la dispersion des anticipations et une fonction nĂ©gative du niveau de liquiditĂ© du titre. Ces hypothĂšses sont vĂ©rifiĂ©es Ă l'aide de donnĂ©es mensuelles, qui couvrent la pĂ©riode de0101 1985 Ă 1101 1989. La mĂ©thodologie de Litzenberger et Ramaswamy (1979), est utilisĂ©e afin de rĂ©soudre les divers problĂšmes Ă©conomĂ©triques. Les rĂ©sultats montrent une relation linĂ©aire nĂ©gative entre le rendement des titres et le niveau d'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des anticipations, mesurĂ© par la dispersion des prĂ©visions des analystes financiers. Cette relation est surtout observable pour les titres les moins liquides, qui sont ici les moins suivis par les analystes financiers. Ces rĂ©sultats valent pour chaque sous pĂ©riode et rĂ©sistent Ă l'introduction de variables de contrĂŽle.Heterogeneous expectations; Short sales regulation; Dispersion of analysts' forecasts, Anticipations hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes ; RĂ©glementation des ventes Ă dĂ©couvert ; Dispersion ; PrĂ©vision des analystes
Competition and Survival of Stock Exchanges: Lessons From Canada
We analyze the competition between two developed stock exchanges. Their development rests
mainly on their capacity to attract securities and trades. The U.S. market is attracting a growing
number of Canadian companies, and is capturing a growing portion of their traded value. This
slide of trading toward the U.S. market is a huge challenge for Canadian policy makers, while
the efforts to compete with the U.S. market seem to be having only limited effects. We analyze the
implications of this situation for policy makers in Asia-Pacific, where several markets and
financial centers are attempting to emerge. Nous étudions la concurrence entre deux marchés boursiers développés, ceux du Canada et des
Ătats-Unis. Le dĂ©veloppement des Bourses repose en grande partie sur leur capacitĂ© Ă attirer et
retenir les inscriptions et les transactions. Le marché américain attire un nombre important de
sociétés canadiennes, et capture une proportion croissante des échanges de titres de ces sociétés.
Ce glissement des transactions représente un défi important pour le Canada dont les efforts pour
contrer cette évolution semblent avoir eu des effets limités. Nous analysons les implications de
cette situation en ce qui concerne la rĂ©gion Asie-Pacifique, oĂč une concurrence importante existe
entre les divers centres financiers en émergence.securities exchange, competition, cross-listed securities, Marché Boursier, concurrence, titres interlistés
The Costs of Issuing Private Versus Public Equity
Canadian listed firms issue private offerings more often than public offerings. Yet the issuing cost of private investments in public equity (PIPEs) has neither been analyzed nor compared with the cost of conventional seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). We examine a sample of 2,108 PIPEs and 1,990 SEOs completed between 1993 and 2003, and show that, as expected, PIPEs are discounted more than SEOs, although the commissions paid to investment bankers are lower. When we control for size and other characteristics of the issuers, the difference between the total costs is 4%. Although this figure is significant, if the PIPE process allows firms to obtain financing four or six months earlier than via SEOs, the price gap may be economically justifiable. This finding may explain the rapid growth of the Canadian PIPE market. Les sociĂ©tĂ©s canadiennes inscrites en Bourse se financent de plus en plus frĂ©quemment par placement privĂ©, les PIPES. Le coĂ»t de ce type dâĂ©mission nâa jamais Ă©tĂ© comparĂ© Ă celui des Ă©missions publiques subsĂ©quentes (SEO). Nous analysons un Ă©chantillon de 2018 PIPES et 1990 Ă©missions publiques, effectuĂ©es entre 1993 et 2003. Nous montrons que lâescompte est supĂ©rieur dans le cas des PIPEs, ce qui correspond aux attentes, mais les commissions payĂ©es aux courtiers sont infĂ©rieures. Lorsque la taille et les autres caractĂ©ristiques des Ă©missions sont prises en compte, la diffĂ©rence entre les deux catĂ©gories dâĂ©missions est de lâordre de 4 %. Cet Ă©cart est statistiquement significatif. Toutefois, dans la mesure oĂč lâĂ©mission privĂ©e peut permettre Ă lâentreprise dâobtenir les fonds six mois plus tĂŽt que lâappel public, il peut ĂȘtre Ă©conomiquement justifiĂ© de supporter ce coĂ»t supplĂ©mentaire. Cette situation pourrait expliquer la croissance des Ă©missions privĂ©es.private equity, issuing costs, seasoned equity, politiques publiques, financement des petites entreprises, incitatifs fiscaux, investisseurs providentiels
Long-run Performance Following Cross-Listing: A Re-examination
We analyze the long-run performance of the population of Canadian firms that cross-list in the US between 1990 and 2005, paying particular attention to cross-delisting companies. We ask why, since numerous firms cross-list to get the advantages associated with cross-listing, these firms' long-run performance is purportedly abnormally poor. Using robust empirical methods, we find no evidence of a significant underperformance by Canadian firms after cross-listing. Rather, we find that the previously documented underperformance following cross-listing can be traced to a combination of the choice of method, sample selection, and survival biases.
This is an up-date version of the working paper published on November 2007 under the same reference. Selon les Ă©tudes antĂ©rieures, le rendement Ă long terme des titres qui sâinscrivent aux Ătats-Unis (qui sâinterlistent) est anormalement faible. Nous rĂ©examinons ces rĂ©sultats, quâil est difficile de concilier avec les avantages procurĂ©s par cette opĂ©ration et qui ne permettent pas dâexpliquer le grand nombre dâinterlistages observĂ©s rĂ©cemment. Nous Ă©tudions la population des sociĂ©tĂ©s ouvertes canadiennes qui se sont inscrites aux Ătats-Unis entre 1990 et 2005, en utilisant diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodologies et indices. Une attention particuliĂšre est Ă©galement portĂ©e aux dĂ©sincriptions. En utilisant des mĂ©thodologies robustes, nous nâobservons aucune performance anormale suite Ă lâinterlistage des sociĂ©tĂ©s canadiennes. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que les rĂ©sultats antĂ©rieurs de sous performance Ă long terme pourraient provenir dâune combinaison de choix mĂ©thodologique et de biais de sĂ©lection et de survie.
Ce document est une mise Ă jour de celui-ci publiĂ© en novembre 2007 sous le mĂȘme numĂ©ro.international cross-listing, abnormal performance, event-time methods, calendar-time methods, international asset pricing mode, interlistage international, performance anormale, mĂ©thodes en temps Ă©vĂšnementiel, mĂ©thodes en temps calendaire, modĂšle dâĂ©valuation des actifs international
Do IPOs Underperform in the Long-Run? New Evidence from the Canadian Stock Market
We measure the long-run performance of 141 Canadian IPOs between 1986 and 2000, using continuously rebalanced and purged control portfolios (size and book-to-market ratios). Results remain relatively similar irrespective of whether we use an event-time approach (buy-and-hold abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns) or a calendar-time approach (mean calendar-time abnormal returns and alphas from the Fama-French three-factor pricing model). However, results do differ significantly whether we use equally-weighted (EW) or value-weighted (VW) portfolios. More specifically, we find significant overperformance when EW portfolios are formed, while no significant outperformance is found when VW portfolios are constructed. As we attempt to explain the long-run performance of Canadian IPOs, we find that financial and underpriced IPOs as well as those in growth sectors outperform in the long-run, and that analysts' long-term growth forecasts are informative of the a firm's future performance Nous mesurons dans la présente étude la performance des 141 émissions initiales effectuées au Canada de 1986 à 2000. Nous utilisons des portefeuilles de contrÎle qui sont systématiquement rééquilibrés et réajustés pour les titres délistés, et qui ne tiennent compte des caractéristiques de taille et de ratio Book to Market. Les résultats varient peu suivant la méthode utilisée, qu'il s'agisse de la technique passive, des rendements anormaux cumulés en rendements calendaires (Calendar Time) ou non. Les coefficients alpha d'un modÚle à trois facteurs inspirés de Fama et French sont utilisés également, sans différences notables. Toutefois, les résultats diffÚrent fortement suivant le mode de pondération des portefeuilles. Nous mettons en évidence une sur performance lorsque des portefeuilles équipondérés sont formés, et une sous performance non significative lorsque des portefeuilles pondérés par la valeur boursiÚre sont utilisés. Il semble que les émissions de sociétés financiÚres, ainsi que celles qui appartiennent à des secteurs en croissance aient des performances supérieures à long terme. Les prévisions à long terme des analystes financiers ont une valeur informative quant aux performances futures des émissions initiales.Initial Public Offerings; Long-Run Performance; Control Portfolios; Market Efficiency, émission initiale d'action, performance long terme, portefeuille de contrÎle, efficience du marché
Electronically--implemented coupled logistic maps
The logistic map is a paradigmatic dynamical system originally conceived to
model the discrete-time demographic growth of a population, which shockingly,
shows that discrete chaos can emerge from trivial low-dimensional non-linear
dynamics. In this work, we design and characterize a simple, low-cost,
easy-to-handle, electronic implementation of the logistic map. In particular,
our implementation allows for straightforward circuit-modifications to behave
as different one-dimensional discrete-time systems. Also, we design a coupling
block in order to address the behavior of two coupled maps, although, our
design is unrestricted to the discrete-time system implementation and it can be
generalized to handle coupling between many dynamical systems, as in a complex
system. Our findings show that the isolated and coupled maps' behavior has a
remarkable agreement between the experiments and the simulations, even when
fine-tuning the parameters with a resolution of . We support
these conclusions by comparing the Lyapunov exponents, periodicity of the
orbits, and phase portraits of the numerical and experimental data for a wide
range of coupling strengths and map's parameters.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figure
Stock Exchange Markets for New Ventures
In Canada, a venture stock market lists micro-capitalization firms that are at a pre-revenue stage, and competes with both formal and informal venture capital (VC). This market provides a higher rate of return and is able to provide seven times more new listings to the main exchange than the VC market. We do not evidence post-graduation underperformance, and indeed, new listings on a main exchange can succeed even if they originate from a public venture market. Our results do not support the theoretical arguments that confer specific advantages on the VCs with regard to screening, monitoring and exiting new ventures. Au Canada, un marchĂ© boursier de capital de risque inscrit des entreprises Ă trĂšs faible capitalisation, avant mĂȘme quâelles ne rapportent des revenus. Ce marchĂ© est en concurrence directe avec le capital de risque institutionnel et informel. Le taux de rendement de ce marchĂ© boursier est supĂ©rieur Ă celui du capital de risque, et ce marchĂ© amĂšne sept fois plus dâentreprises au marchĂ© principal, par « graduation », que ne le fait le capital de risque Ă la suite dâĂ©missions initiales. Nous nâobservons aucune performance anormale nĂ©gative Ă la suite des graduations. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que le capital de risque canadien ne semble pas disposer des avantages que la thĂ©orie attribue gĂ©nĂ©ralement Ă ce type dâinvestisseurs en matiĂšre de sĂ©lection des projets, de supervision ou encore de capacitĂ© de disposition des placements.public venture capital, start-up, graduation, success rate, stock exchange, capital de risque, dĂ©marrage, graduation, marchĂ© boursier
Vortex dynamics under pulsatile flow in axisymmetric constricted tubes
An improved understanding of how vortices develop and propagate under
pulsatile flow can shed important light on the mixing and transport processes
including the transition to turbulent regime occurring in such systems. For
example, the characterization of pulsatile flows in obstructed artery models
serves to encourage research into flow-induced phenomena associated with
changes in morphology, blood viscosity, wall elasticity and flow rate. In this
work, an axisymmetric rigid model was used to study the behaviour of the flow
pattern with varying constriction degree (), mean Reynolds number
() and Womersley number (). Velocity fields were acquired
experimentally using Digital Particle Image Velocimetry and generated
numerically. For the acquisition of data, was varied from 385 to
2044, was 1.0 cm and 1.6 cm, and was varied from 17 to 33 in the
experiments and from 24 to 50 in the numerical simulations. Results for the
considered Reynolds number, showed that the flow pattern consisted of two main
structures: a central jet around the tube axis and a recirculation zone
adjacent to the inner wall of the tube, where vortices shed. Using the
vorticity fields, the trajectory of vortices was tracked and their displacement
over their lifetime calculated. The analysis led to a scaling law equation for
the maximum vortex displacement as a function of a dimensionless variable
dependent on the system parameters Re and
Automatic detection of AutoPEEP during controlled mechanical ventilation.
International audienceABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Dynamic hyperinflation, hereafter called AutoPEEP (auto-positive end expiratory pressure)with some slight language abuse, is a frequent deleterious phenomenon in patients undergoingmechanical ventilation. Although not readily quantifiable, AutoPEEP can be recognized onthe expiratory portion of the flow waveform. If expiratory flow does not return to zero beforethe next inspiration, AutoPEEP is present. This simple detection however requires the eye ofan expert clinician at the patient's bedside. An automatic detection of AutoPEEP should behelpful to optimize care. METHODS: In this paper, a platform for automatic detection of AutoPEEP based on the flow signalavailable on most of recent mechanical ventilators is introduced. The detection algorithms aredeveloped on the basis of robust non-parametric hypothesis testings that require no priorinformation on the signal distribution. In particular, two detectors are proposed: one is basedon SNT (Signal Norm Testing) and the other is an extension of SNT in the sequentialframework. The performance assessment was carried out on a respiratory system analog andex-vivo on various retrospectively acquired patient curves. RESULTS: The experiment results have shown that the proposed algorithm provides relevant AutoPEEPdetection on both simulated and real data. The analysis of clinical data has shown that theproposed detectors can be used to automatically detect AutoPEEP with an accuracy of 93%and a recall (sensitivity) of 90%. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed platform provides an automatic early detection of AutoPEEP. Such functionalitycan be integrated in the currently used mechanical ventilator for continuous monitoring of thepatient-ventilator interface and, therefore, alleviate the clinician task
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