2,349 research outputs found
Spin-orbit torques from interfacial spin-orbit coupling for various interfaces
We use a perturbative approach to study the effects of interfacial spin-orbit
coupling in magnetic multilayers by treating the two-dimensional Rashba model
in a fully three-dimensional description of electron transport near an
interface. This formalism provides a compact analytic expression for
current-induced spin-orbit torques in terms of unperturbed scattering
coefficients, allowing computation of spin-orbit torques for various contexts,
by simply substituting scattering coefficients into the formulas. It applies to
calculations of spin-orbit torques for magnetic bilayers with bulk magnetism,
those with interface magnetism, a normal metal/ferromagnetic insulator
junction, and a topological insulator/ferromagnet junction. It predicts a
dampinglike component of spin-orbit torque that is distinct from any intrinsic
contribution or those that arise from particular spin relaxation mechanisms. We
discuss the effects of proximity-induced magnetism and insertion of an
additional layer and provide formulas for in-plane current, which is induced by
a perpendicular bias, anisotropic magnetoresistance, and spin memory loss in
the same formalism.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure
The Psychometric Properties of the Difficult Behavior Self-Efficacy Scale
The study was designed to estimate the psychometric properties of Hastings and Brown’s (2002a) Difficult Behavior Self-efficacy Scale. Participants were two samples of physical educators teaching in Korea (n = 229) and the United States (U.S.; n = 139). An initial translation of the questionnaire to Korean and pilot study were conducted along with the larger study using a confirmatory factor analysis procedure. Internal consistency estimates (weighed Omega) for the five-item scale were 0.88 both the Korean and U.S. samples. The average variances extracted for the one factor were 0.59 for the total data set and 0.57 each for the Korean and U.S. samples. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a five-item, unidimensional model for self-efficacy for the total sample: Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.97, Nonnormed Fit Index (NNFI) = 0.95, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.98, and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.03. Only the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA = 0.12) fell below criterion levels of acceptable fit, with similar fit indices occurring in separate analyses of the Korean and U.S. samples. Invariance testing across the two samples supported metric invariance (similarity of factor loadings) but not scalar invariance (U.S. means higher on all five items). The factor structure for the self-efficacy scale provides an initial estimate of validity and internal consistency for use with different teacher groups
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The Effect of Selection Instructions on Reasoning about Thematic Content Rules in Wason's Card Selection Task
This study examined the effects of selection instruction and thematic content on subjects' reasoning performance on the Wason card selection task. Facilitation has frequently been demonstrated when subjects arc instructed to check for violations of a conditional rule that involves thematic content. We noted that the thematic rules previously used are also pragmatic rules that express regulations. We compared reasoning about two kinds of thematic rules: pragmatic and nonpragmatic. Subjects were instructed either to determine if the rule has been violated or to determine if the rule is true or false. The results indicate an interaction between instruction type and thematic rule type. Contrary to previous findings of facilitation on thematic materials with violation instructions, we found facilitation for true/false instructions relative to violation instructions on non-pragmatic content rules. These results stand in contrast to previous descriptions of true/false instructions as more difficult and cognitively demanding than violation instructions. We explain our findings in terms of differences in the inherent status of the two types of thematic rules
Application of PCR Assay to Differentiate Two Subtypes of Swine Influenza Viruses
A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) test was developed to differentiate between H1 and H3 subtypes of swine influenza virus (SIV). The sensitivity and specificity of this test was evaluated by comparing the results of the PCR test with subtyping results of an immunological assay performed at the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL). The test was performed on 68 eggderived SIV isolates, as well as directly on 30 lung homogenates. The data suggest that a PCR-based assay may be a reliable screening test for SIV both from egg fluid and directly from lung tissue
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