Gambling with the nation : heroines of the Japanese yakuza film, 1955–1975

A revamped period-drama film genre surfaced after the Allied occupation of Japan (1945–1952), featuring androgynous comic heroines who cross-dressed to perform male and female yakuza roles. By the late 1960s, they had been replaced by increasingly sexualized figures, and later by the ‘pink’ violence of the ‘girl boss’ sub-genre. Yet masculine themes in the ‘nihilistic’ yakuza films of the late 1960s and 1970s have been the focus of most scholarship on the genre, with scant attention paid to the female yakuza film. This article offers an iconographic reading of the heroines of the yakuza genre, arguing that the re-imagining of a postwar ‘Japaneseness’ was conducted as much through the yakuza genre’s heroines as its heroes. Through analysis of key visual motifs, narrative tropes, and star personae, the image of the female yakuza can be read as a commentary on social conditions in postwar Japan. We can see the rapid social and political changes of postwar Japan reflected and mediated through the changing image of the female yakuza heroine during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s

T‐cell lymphoma, B‐cell lymphoma, and myelodysplastic syndrome harboring common mutations: Trilineage tumorigenesis from a common founder clone

Abstract A 64‐year‐old man with angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma (AITL) subsequently developed diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Genomic profiling of AITL, DLBCL, and MDS samples revealed that the tumor cells from all samples shared common mutations in TET2 and DNMT3A. In addition, the IDH2 mutation was observed in AITL, and TP53 mutation was observed in DLBCL and MDS. These findings illustrate the clonal relationship between AITL and DLBCL in addition to AITL and MDS, with the latter being increasingly reported. The present findings strongly support the theory of multistep and multilineage tumorigenesis from a common founder clone

Objective Analyses of Tessellated Fundi and Significant Correlation between Degree of Tessellation and Choroidal Thickness in Healthy Eyes

<div><p>A tessellated fundus is a common characteristic of myopic eyes and is an important clinical marker for the development of retinochoroidal changes. However, the exact cause and significance of tessellated fundi have not been definitively determined. We determined the degree of tessellation in fundi objectively in normal, non-pathological myopic eyes, and correlated the degree of tessellation and the choroidal thickness (CT) and axial length (AL). This was a prospective observational cross sectional study. The eyes were classified subjectively into three groups based on the degree of tessellation observed ophthalmoscopically. Digital color fundus photographs were assessed for the degree of tessellation by ImageJ, an image processing program. Three tessellated fundus indices (TFIs) were calculated and were compared to the three subjectively-determined groups. The subfoveal and nasal CTs were measured in the optical coherence tomographic images. The correlations between the TFIs and the CT were calculated. Additionally, the correlation between the TFIs and the AL was calculated. One hundred right eyes of 100 healthy volunteers (mean age 25.8±3.9 years) were studied. Ophthalmoscopically, 57 eyes were placed in the non-tessellated group, 27 eyes into the weakly tessellated group, and 16 eyes into the strongly tessellated group. There was a significant correlation between the subjective classifications and the TFI values (<i>P</i><0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test). All of the TFIs were significantly associated with the subfoveal and nasal CT (R = −0.20 to −0.24, <i>P</i><0.05). The TFIs were not significantly correlated with the ALs. In conclusion, the significant correlation between the subjective and objective classifications of the degree of tessellation indicates that TFIs can be used to classify the degree of tessellation. The results indicate that the differences in the CT account for the degree of tessellation.</p></div

Scatter diagrams of choroidal thickness (CT) and axial length.

<p>There was a significant and negative correlation between axial length and both the subfoveal CT and nasal CT.</p

Box plot of subjective classification of tesselation and the TFI values of TFI-1, TFI-2 and TFI-3.

<p>For each TFI, the eyes in the strongly tessellated group (ST) had a significantly higher TFI values than those in the non-tessellated group (NT). Those in weakly tessellated group (WT) were in between. The only exception was NT and WT in TFI 2 (Steel-Dwass test. *<i>P</i><0.05; **<i>P</i><0.01; n.s., not significant).</p

Tessellated Fundus Index for each group.

<p>TFI; tessellated fundus index.</p><p>The values are the averages ± standard deviations.</p

Quantitative analysis of digital color fundus photographs.

<p>An area between the fovea and the optic disc was selected as shown by the yellow circle (left). The same color fundus photograph showing the red, green and blue pixels using image J (right). In the histograms, the horizontal bar indicates the brightness of each color. Note that the vertical scale is different for the different histograms. Below each histogram, the mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, median, and count for each color are shown.</p

Summary of Clinical Data of All Subjects.

<p>AL = axial length; SE = spherical equivalent; SFCT = subfoveal choroidal thickness; NCT = nasal of subfoveal choroidal thickness; TFI = tessellated fundus index.</p

Correlation Analysis of TFIs with subfoveal choroidal thickness, nasal choroidal thickness or axial length.

<p>*Statistically significant differences among groups (<i>P</i><0.05),</p><p>TFI; tessellated fundus index, SFCT; subfoveal choroidal thickness, NCT; nasal choroidal thickness, AL; axial length.</p