Is it Not Now? : School Counselors’ Training in Tanzania Secondary Schools

Counseling is currently becoming a necessary service for  school learners in the developing world, this is due to fact that, the challenges facing learners in their learning process results into both internalizing and externalizing problems which affect student’s learning in terms of social, psychology and academic. This paper explores the status of school counselor’s training, knowledge and skills in Tanzania secondary schools. It attempt to assess school counselor’s perception towards the existing school counseling services and the degree of readiness to attend a counseling training in order to improve their counseling skills. The sample for the study included 62 school counselors from 16 secondary schools in Dar es salaam and the data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The findings indicate that, there is less training among school counselors in the studied secondary schools. It was also noted that, though some school counselors attended some trainings, their knowledge, skills and awareness to school counseling principles is very limited. However, school counselors’ perception towards counseling services in schools is good and their degree of readiness to attend counseling training is positive (M=1.39, SD= 0.554). It was therefore concluded that school counseling services need to be enhanced through provision of school counseling trainings to teachers who are appointed to serve as school counselors in various secondary schools. With the support from these findings, it is recommended that, seminars and workshops for raising awareness as well as long term trainings are important in order to make school counseling services effective. Therefore, future research can also observe the extent to which the counseling component is taught in teacher colleges and universities so as to test the rationale for appointing teachers to work as school counselors even without any specified training on counseling. Key words: School counselor, Training, Perception, Knowledg

Unilateralna antegradna cerebralna perfuzija naspram dubokog hipotermijskog cirkulatornog aresta tijekom popravka akutne disekcije aorte: iskustvo jednog centra

Introduction: The gold standard of circulation strategy and arterial cannulation during acute aortic dissection is still indisputable. Unilateral/bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion (UACP/BACP) and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) remains a safe and useful procedure for circulation during management of acute aortic dissection. The aim of our study was to investigate the effectiveness of both unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest on postoperative outcomes during management of acute aortic dissection repair at our center. Methods: Our prospective study consisted of 26 patients who underwent acute aortic dissection repair with various circulation strategy. Group A consisted of 14 (53.8%) patients who were operated on under unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion, while group B consisted of 12 (46.2%) patients who were operated on under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest without cerebral perfusion. Postoperative outcomes included mortality, drainage, blood transfusion (free frozen plasma, erythrocyte suspension), ventilation time and revision due to bleeding. Results: The average age of our study population was 55.2 ± 16.2 (range 33-83) years. Mortality was observed in 3 (11.5 %) of our patients. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of mortality and revision due to bleeding (p ˃ 0.05). Blood transfusion (erythrocyte suspension and free frozen plasma), drainage and ventilation time were significantly lower in Group A compared with Group B (p ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: Both unilateral antegrade cerebral circulation and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest can be safely used during acute aortic dissection, although unilateral antegrade cerebral circulation has proved to be superior over deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with good postoperative outcomes.Uvod: Zlatni standard cirkulatorne strategije i arterijske kanulacije za akutnu disekciju aorte i dalje je neupitan. Unilateralna/bilateralna cerebralna perfuzija (UACP/BACP) i duboki hipotermijski cirkulatorni arest (HCA) i dalje su siguran i korisni postupci za cirkulaciju tijekom liječenja akutne disekcije aorte. Cilj ove studije bio je istražiti učinkovitost unilateralne antegradne cerebralne perfuzije i dubokog hipotermijskog cirkulatornog aresta na postoperativne ishode tijekom liječenja akutne disekcije aorte u našem centru. Metode: Naša se prospektivna studija sastojala od 26 pacijenata koji su bili podvrgnuti popravku akutne disekcije aorte uz primjenu različitih cirkulatornih strategija. Skupina A sastojala se od 14 (53,8%) pacijenata koji su operirani pod unilateralnom antegradnom cerebralnom perfuzijom, dok se skupina B sastojala od 12 (46,2%) pacijenata koji su operirani pod dubokim hipotermijskim cirkulatornim arestom bez cerebralne perfuzije. Postoperativni ishodi uključivali su smrtnost, drenažu, transfuziju krvi (slobodna smrznuta plazma, suspenzija eritrocita), vrijeme na ventilatoru i reviziju uslijed krvarenja. Rezultati: Prosječna dob studijske populacije bila je 55,2 ± 16,2 (raspon 33-83) godina. Smrtnost je zabilježena u 3 (11,5%) pacijenta. Nije bilo značajne razlike među skupinama glede smrtnosti i revizije uslijed krvarenja (p ˃ 0,05). Transfuzije krvi (suspenzija eritrocita i slobodna smrznuta plazma), drenaža i vrijeme na ventilatoru bili su značajno niži u skupini A u usporedbi sa skupinom B (p ˃ 0,05). Zaključak: Unilateralna cerebralna perfuzija i duboki hipotermijski cirkulatorni arest sigurne su metode za korištenje kod akutne disekcije aorte, iako se unilateralna cerebralna perfuzija pokazala boljom od dubokog hipotermijskog cirkulatornog aresta uslijed dobrih postoperativnih ishoda

Unilateralna antegradna cerebralna perfuzija naspram dubokog hipotermijskog cirkulatornog aresta tijekom popravka akutne disekcije aorte: iskustvo jednog centra

Introduction: The gold standard of circulation strategy and arterial cannulation during acute aortic dissection is still indisputable. Unilateral/bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion (UACP/BACP) and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) remains a safe and useful procedure for circulation during management of acute aortic dissection. The aim of our study was to investigate the effectiveness of both unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest on postoperative outcomes during management of acute aortic dissection repair at our center. Methods: Our prospective study consisted of 26 patients who underwent acute aortic dissection repair with various circulation strategy. Group A consisted of 14 (53.8%) patients who were operated on under unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion, while group B consisted of 12 (46.2%) patients who were operated on under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest without cerebral perfusion. Postoperative outcomes included mortality, drainage, blood transfusion (free frozen plasma, erythrocyte suspension), ventilation time and revision due to bleeding. Results: The average age of our study population was 55.2 ± 16.2 (range 33-83) years. Mortality was observed in 3 (11.5 %) of our patients. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of mortality and revision due to bleeding (p ˃ 0.05). Blood transfusion (erythrocyte suspension and free frozen plasma), drainage and ventilation time were significantly lower in Group A compared with Group B (p ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: Both unilateral antegrade cerebral circulation and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest can be safely used during acute aortic dissection, although unilateral antegrade cerebral circulation has proved to be superior over deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with good postoperative outcomes.Uvod: Zlatni standard cirkulatorne strategije i arterijske kanulacije za akutnu disekciju aorte i dalje je neupitan. Unilateralna/bilateralna cerebralna perfuzija (UACP/BACP) i duboki hipotermijski cirkulatorni arest (HCA) i dalje su siguran i korisni postupci za cirkulaciju tijekom liječenja akutne disekcije aorte. Cilj ove studije bio je istražiti učinkovitost unilateralne antegradne cerebralne perfuzije i dubokog hipotermijskog cirkulatornog aresta na postoperativne ishode tijekom liječenja akutne disekcije aorte u našem centru. Metode: Naša se prospektivna studija sastojala od 26 pacijenata koji su bili podvrgnuti popravku akutne disekcije aorte uz primjenu različitih cirkulatornih strategija. Skupina A sastojala se od 14 (53,8%) pacijenata koji su operirani pod unilateralnom antegradnom cerebralnom perfuzijom, dok se skupina B sastojala od 12 (46,2%) pacijenata koji su operirani pod dubokim hipotermijskim cirkulatornim arestom bez cerebralne perfuzije. Postoperativni ishodi uključivali su smrtnost, drenažu, transfuziju krvi (slobodna smrznuta plazma, suspenzija eritrocita), vrijeme na ventilatoru i reviziju uslijed krvarenja. Rezultati: Prosječna dob studijske populacije bila je 55,2 ± 16,2 (raspon 33-83) godina. Smrtnost je zabilježena u 3 (11,5%) pacijenta. Nije bilo značajne razlike među skupinama glede smrtnosti i revizije uslijed krvarenja (p ˃ 0,05). Transfuzije krvi (suspenzija eritrocita i slobodna smrznuta plazma), drenaža i vrijeme na ventilatoru bili su značajno niži u skupini A u usporedbi sa skupinom B (p ˃ 0,05). Zaključak: Unilateralna cerebralna perfuzija i duboki hipotermijski cirkulatorni arest sigurne su metode za korištenje kod akutne disekcije aorte, iako se unilateralna cerebralna perfuzija pokazala boljom od dubokog hipotermijskog cirkulatornog aresta uslijed dobrih postoperativnih ishoda

Poland's integration with the European Union and its implication for small and medium scale enterprises

The development of SMEs is very sensitive to the overall economic situation of every country such as the dynamics of economic growth, stability of the local currency, supply and demand on the home and foreign markets and the state’s micro-economic policy. This paper discusses the SME development in Poland since its accession to the EU in 2004. In this context, the authors examine the question of whether the SME development policies following Poland’s integration into the EU has contributed positively to the sustainable development of the Polish economy– we examine whether the country`s accession into the EU has created a better environment for entrepreneurship development than it was in the pre-accession phase. In this paper, we attempt to provide answers to three key questions: (1) What were the main specific adjustments necessary to accession requirements? (2) What are the main opportunities for Polish SMEs arising out of EU membership? (3) What kind of progress has been made in the SME sector after Poland’s accession into the EU? Considering the research problem the authors have reviewed the academic literature in search of a theoretical background and conducted the analyses based on state statistical data

Impact of a Short-Term Professional Development Teacher Training on Students' Perceptions and Use of Errors in Mathematics Learning

Using errors in mathematics may be a powerful instructional practice. This study explored the impact of a short-term professional development teacher training on (a) students' perceptions of their mathematics teacher's support in error situations as part of instruction, (b) students' perceptions of error situations while learning, and (c) mathematics teacher's actual error handling practices. Data were gathered from eight secondary schools involving eight teachers and 251 Form 3 (Grade 11) students in the Dar es Salaam region in Tanzania. To explore the effects of a short-term professional development teacher training, we used an exploratory quasi-experimental design with parallel pre-test and post-test instruments. Half of the teachers participated in the short-term professional development training in which they encountered and discussed new ways for utilizing student errors for instruction and provision of (plenary) feedback. Questionnaire scales were used to measure students' perceptions of errors and perceptions of teacher support in error situations, along with videotaped lessons of plenary feedback discussions. Data were analyzed by latent mean analysis and content analysis. The latent mean analysis showed that students' perceptions of teacher support in error situations (i.e., "error friendliness") significantly improved for teachers who received the training but not for teachers who did not receive it. However, students' perceptions of anxiety in error situations and using errors for learning (i.e., "learning orientation") were not affected by the training. Finally, case studies of video-recorded plenary feedback discussions indicated that mathematics teachers who received the short-term professional development training appeared more error friendly and utilized errors in teaching

Analysing Climate Change Mitigation Policy Options in the Renewable Energy Sub-Sector in Tanzania

Public policies influence reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Also the extent to which policies are developed and implemented can influence the achievement of the national, regional and international climate change mitigation policy framework in the renewable energy sub-sector. This paper provides a critical overview of key policy options influencing the development of renewable energy sub-sector through climate change mitigation policy options in Tanzania. Questionnaire surveys were used to collect primary data from 100 relevant experts who represented 64 organizations in Tanzania. Secondary data were collected by literature review. The state of climate change mitigation policy options in the renewable energy sub-sector was assessed by using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 26.0 and content analysis. The results showed Tanzania lacks adequate climate change mitigation policy and renewable energy policy frameworks. A specific national climate change policy and national renewable energy policy are needed to guide stakeholders to undertake climate change mitigation actions in the renewable energy sub-sector in Tanzania. Perceptions gained and recommendations made are essential for undertaking climate change mitigation actions in Tanzania, and can be relevant for other developing countries because of similar climate change mitigation contexts. Keywords: climate change, renewable energy, greenhouse gases, policies, Tanzani

Assessing the Effect of Motivation on Organizational Performance: A Case of MHS Massana Hospital, Dar es salaam Tanzania

The overall objective of this study is to assess the effects of motivation on organizational performance in private sector. The study addressed three research questions, namely: what are the motivation packages offered to employees at MHS Massana Hospital, what are the factors motivating employees to perform their job better and the last question is the employees motivation related to organizational performance. Using MHS Massana hospital as a case study, a sample of 63 respondents selected based on stratified random and purposive sampling, the quantitative and qualitative approach were adopted in which self administered questionnaires and interviews were used for collection of data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS to answer the three research questions posed for the study. The findings revealed that motivation of employees’ increase commitment, retain employees, increase productivity and increases organizational performance. Promotion, medical allowance, training, overtime, salary and responsibility allowance as a motivation packages offered at MHS Massana contributes more on employees work performance than house allowance, responsibility allowance, hospital loan and bonus. Employees were not satisfied with hospital loan, basic pay, time for salary pay and medical allowance. This study used Herzberg theory to assess the effects of motivation on organization performance. The researcher concluded that, there is a relationship between employees’ motivation and organizational performance. Hospital management should invest on employees’ motivation for the success of their organization