Constrained FoV Radiated Power as a Figure of Merit of Phased Arrays

In this paper, we propose quantifying the radiated power of phased arrays or, in general, directive antennas, by the Constrained-View Radiated Power (CVRP). The constrained view shall be interpreted here as the Field-of-View (FoV) of an antenna that defines a region in space where focusing the radiated power is highly desired. In the limiting cases, we have that CVRP equals the Total Radiated Power (TRP) when the FoV covers the whole sphere, while, if the FoV reduces to a single point in space, the CVRP equals the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). We further present an analysis based on measured radiation patterns of a 16-element, linearly polarized, millimeter-Wave (mmWave), planar phased array antenna operating at 28 GHz. We compare the results to two ideal planar array antennas with the same number of Huygens and cosine elements. The evaluated figure of merit is computed for different scanning angles, as well as for different malfunctions of antenna elements, both for the real and simulated arrays. The results show that the introduced figure of merit could be potentially used for the detection of malfunctioning elements in antenna arrays as well as to characterize the impact of scan loss. Furthermore, CVRP is useful to straightforwardly and significantly characterize the performance of a directive antenna in terms of the power radiated towards a specific region in space

Measured Probabilities of Detection for 1- and 2 Bitstreams of 2-port Car-roof Antenna in RIMP and Random-LOS

Autonomous cars will in a near future drive around in cities and on highways. Antennas will then be needed to secure the wireless connection to these cars. To be able to test the antennas we have defined two edge environments: the Random Line-of-Sight (LOS) and the Rich Isotropic Multipath (RIMP). This paper shows a throughput performance comparison between measurements and simulations of a car-roof (shark-fin) antenna mounted on a ground plane in both of these environments. The comparison is done for both one and two bitstreams in a 22 MIMO system. The analysis is based on probability of detection (PoD) curves representing the throughput performance with digital threshold receivers

Injury during pregnancy and nervous system birth defects: Texas, 1999 to 2003

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100279/1/bdra23143.pd

Using Reverberation Chambers to Test 5G-enabled Devices

In this paper we review the current status of over-the-air testing of 5G enables devices with emphasis on reverberation chamber technology. For 5G devices, beamforming is a central concept, thus the paper includes a discussion on beamforming aspects of 5G. We show, using simulations, how phase steered antenna arrays can be tested and faults detected in rich isotropic multipath-environments. A novel scheme for measuring directivity related quantities such as EIRP is introduced and limitations and advantages are listed. Results from transmitting a 5G NewRadio signal, carried at 28 GHz, measuring throughput is also demonstrated and some challenges are discussed

Comparison of live person test to head and hand phantom test in reverberation chamber

The Total Radiated Power of a cell phone was measured in a reverberation chamber with a head and hand phantom and compared to live person testing of 5 test subjects who held device in similar grip as the phantom. Repeatability in tests was examined for the phantom and for the live person test subjects. The method demonstrated can be used to evaluate mobile devices handled by live persons. It can also be used to validate that a phantom is a good representation of live persons

Comparison of live person test to head and hand phantom test in reverberation chamber

The Total Radiated Power of a cell phone was measured in a reverberation chamber with a head and hand phantom and compared to live person testing of 5 test subjects who held device in similar grip as the phantom. Repeatability in tests was examined for the phantom and for the live person test subjects. The method demonstrated can be used to evaluate mobile devices handled by live persons. It can also be used to validate that a phantom is a good representation of live persons

Double broadband balun structure using CRLH TL for differential excitation of dual-polarized self-grounded bow-tie antenna

A broadband compact balun comprising two composite right-left handed transmission lines (CRLH TL) is designed to excite a self-grounded bow-tie antenna. The design is based on a fractal shaped CRLH TL balun modified to the frequency band of interest. This balun consists of one +90\ub0 branch and three-90\ub0 branches to produce the desired 180\ub0 phase difference at the output. The simulated results show an amplitude imbalance of less than 1dB and a phase imbalance of less than 10\ub0over most of the target bandwidth, i.e., 1.6-3 GHz. Two of the designed baluns were integrated with the bow-tie antenna in such a way that the feeding network could totally fit at the back of the antenna. The performance of the whole structure was also evaluated showing a return loss below-10 dB. The radiation pattern and the gain of the antenna with baluns are in good agreement with the ideal differential excitation, with gain degradation of only about 0.5 dB in the worst case

Double broadband balun structure using CRLH TL for differential excitation of dual-polarized self-grounded bow-tie antenna

A broadband compact balun comprising two composite right-left handed transmission lines (CRLH TL) is designed to excite a self-grounded bow-tie antenna. The design is based on a fractal shaped CRLH TL balun modified to the frequency band of interest. This balun consists of one +90\ub0 branch and three-90\ub0 branches to produce the desired 180\ub0 phase difference at the output. The simulated results show an amplitude imbalance of less than 1dB and a phase imbalance of less than 10\ub0over most of the target bandwidth, i.e., 1.6-3 GHz. Two of the designed baluns were integrated with the bow-tie antenna in such a way that the feeding network could totally fit at the back of the antenna. The performance of the whole structure was also evaluated showing a return loss below-10 dB. The radiation pattern and the gain of the antenna with baluns are in good agreement with the ideal differential excitation, with gain degradation of only about 0.5 dB in the worst case