SOCIO-CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF IMMIGRANTS AND THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION IN THE FAR EAST IN THE IX CENTURY

В ходе формирования социально-культурного пространства Дальневосточного региона происходили межкультурные коммуникации с местным населением, без которых не возможно было представить освоение данной территории. Существуют разные точки зрения на проблему социально-культурного взаимодействия с аборигенным населением. Одни считают, что была насильственная колонизация данных территорий с насильственным «окультуриванием» и потерей свободы аборигенов. Другие отстаивают концепцию добровольного вхождения аборигенного населения, и их внимание главным образом акцентируется на положительном воздействии русской культуры. Мы придерживаемся третьей точки зрения, которая объединяет в себе и ту и другую. Нельзя категорично сказать, что было бесконфликтное освоение дальневосточной территории. На разных этапах формирования социального пространства существовали детерминирующие факторы и условия, которые влияли на трансформацию социально-культурного пространства.Цель. Статья посвящена выявлению основных социально-культурных трансформаций на начальном периоде формирования социального пространства Дальневосточного региона.Метод или методология проведения работы. Методологическим основанием при рассмотрении процессов трансформации социального пространства региона является структурно-функциональный и исторический подход, методы анализа и синтеза, статистических группировок, социологических опросов.Результаты. Выявлено, что в данный период происходили трансформации в хозяйственных практиках, социально-демографической структуре переселенцев и в их взаимодействии с аборигенным населением.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в образовательном процессе в рамках изучения развития Дальнего Востока России.During the formation of the socio-cultural environment of the far Eastern region was intercultural communication with the local population, without which it was impossible to imagine the development of this area. There are different points of view on the issue of socio-cultural interaction with the aboriginal population. Some believe that there was a violent colonization of these territories with the forcible “cultivation” and the loss of liberty of the natives. Others defend the concept of a voluntary entry of aboriginal people, and their attention mainly focuses on the positive influence of Russian culture. We adhere to the third view, which combines the one and the other. Categorically impossible to say that it was conflict-free development of the far Eastern territory. At different stages of the formation of social space existed for determining the factors and conditions that influenced the transformation of socio-cultural space.Purpose. The article is devoted to identification of the major socio-cultural transformations in the initial period of the formation of social space of the far East region.Methodology. Methodological consideration when considering the processes of transformation of social space of the region is the structural-functional and historical approach, methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical groups, opinion polls.Results. It is revealed that in this period there was a transformation in business practices, socio-demographic structure of immigrants and in their interaction with aboriginal peoples.Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in the educational process in the study of the development of the Far East of Russia

Seasonal Expression of the Picocyanobacterial Phosphonate Transporter Gene phnD in the Sargasso Sea

In phosphorus-limited marine environments, picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus spp.) can hydrolyze naturally occurring phosphonates as a P source. Utilization of 2-aminoethylphosphonate (2-AEP) is dependent on expression of the phn genes, encoding functions required for uptake, and C–P bond cleavage. Prior work has indicated that expression of picocyanobacterial phnD, encoding the phosphonate binding protein of the phosphonate ABC transporter, is a proxy for the assimilation of phosphonates in natural assemblages of Synechococcus spp. and Prochlorococcus spp (Ilikchyan et al., 2009). In this study, we expand this work to assess seasonal phnD expression in the Sargasso Sea. By RT-PCR, our data confirm that phnD expression is constitutive for the Prochlorococcus spp. detected, but in Synechococcus spp. phnD transcription follows patterns of phosphorus availability in the mixed layer. Specifically, our data suggest that phnD is repressed in the spring when P is bioavailable following deep winter mixing. In the fall, phnD expression follows a depth-dependent pattern reflecting depleted P at the surface following summertime drawdown, and elevated P at depth

Определение профиля флавоноидов в гипогликемическом сборе методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии

Objectives. Herbal hypoglycemic drugs complement the conventional approach to the treatment of type-2 diabetes based on the use of synthetic prescription drugs. However, their scientifically based application and standardization are limited due to inadequate and often outdated information on their chemical composition. Accordingly, we have developed a hypoglycemic collection (HGС) consisting of common bean pods (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), bilberry shoots (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), galega herb (Gallega officinalis L.), common knotgrass herb (Polygonum aviculare L.), burdock roots (Arctium lappa L.), and cinnamon rose hips (Rosa cinnamomea L.). According to a number of researchers, the antidiabetic properties of these herbs are largely due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, especially flavonoids. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of flavonoids in the HGС and in its total dry extract (TDE).Methods. The study was performed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection.Results. Nine individual flavonol glycosides—derivatives of myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol and kaempferide—were identified in the HGC and the TDE. The main flavonol glycosides in the studied objects were robinin and kaempferol-3-glucuronide, the contents of which in the HGC were 2.09 and 2.22 mg/g, in the TDE 4.85 and 3.84 mg/g, respectively. The other flavonol glycosides were determined in the HGC and its TDE at significantly lower concentrations.Conclusions. The method developed in the study can be used to standardize HGCs and estimate their pharmacological activities.Цели. Гипогликемические препараты растительного происхождения успешно дополняют синтетические рецептурные лекарства, использующиеся в традиционном подходе к лечению сахарного диабета 2 типа. Однако научно обоснованное применение и стандартизация таких препаратов ограничены из-за неадекватной и часто устаревшей информации об их химическом составе. Нами был разработан гипогликемический сбор (ГГС), состоящий из створок фасоли обыкновенной (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), побегов черники обыкновенной (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), травы галеги лекарственной (Gallega officinalis L.), травы горца птичьего (спорыша) (Polygonum aviculare L.), корней лопуха большого (Arctium lappa L.), плодов шиповника коричного (Rosa cinnamomea L.). По мнению ряда исследователей, антидиабетические свойства вышеупомянутых растений во многом обусловлены присутствием в них полифенольных соединений, особенно флавоноидов. Цель данного исследования – определение профиля флавоноидов в ГГС и в суммарном сухом экстракте (ССЭ) на основе ГГС.Методы. Исследование проводили методом обращено-фазовой высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии с диодно-матричным и масс-спектрометрическим детектированием.Результаты. В ГГС и ССЭ было идентифицировано девять индивидуальных флавонолгликозидов – производных мирицетина, кверцетина, кемпферола и кемпферида. Основными флавонолгликозидами в исследуемых объектах были робинин и кемпферол-3-глюкуронид, содержание которых в ГГС составило 2.09 и 2.22 мг/г, в ССЭ – 4.85 и 3.84 мг/г, соответственно. Остальные флавонолгликозиды были обнаружены в ГГС и ССЭ в существенно более низких концентрациях.Выводы. Результаты работы могут быть использованы при стандартизации ГГС и оценке его фармакологической активности

Spatial distribution of arable and abandoned land across former Soviet Union countries

Knowledge of the spatial distribution of agricultural abandonment following the collapse of the Soviet Union is highly uncertain. To help improve this situation, we have developed a new map of arable and abandoned land for 2010 at a 10 arc-second resolution. We have fused together existing land cover and land use maps at different temporal and spatial scales for the former Soviet Union (fSU) using a training data set collected from visual interpretation of very high resolution (VHR) imagery. We have also collected an independent validation data set to assess the map accuracy. The overall accuracies of the map by region and country, i.e. Caucasus, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation and Ukraine, are 90±2%, 84±2%, 92±1%, 78±3%, 95±1%, 83±2%, respectively. This new product can be used for numerous applications including the modelling of biogeochemical cycles, land-use modelling, the assessment of trade-offs between ecosystem services and land-use potentials (e.g., agricultural production), among others

Comparative evaluation of the influence of no-till and traditional treatment on the biological activity of agricultural chernozem of the Stavropol region

Using the method of inoculation on elective nutrient media, the abundance and activity of taxonomic (bacteria, actinomycetes, micromycetes) and functional (nitrogen fixers, ammonifiers, denitrifiers of amylolytic, cellulolytic) groups of microorganisms in agrochernozems of the Stavropol region under the influence of various tillage systems – direct seeding (no-till) and moldboard plowing with the turnover of soil horizon (traditional treatment). Analyzes were carried out for such crops as winter wheat, corn, sunflower and soybean with/without application of mineral fertilizers. Traditional tillage for the majority of crops leads to increased activity of aerobic ammonifiers, cellulolytics, denitrifiers, actinomycetes and micromycetes. No-till technology, in its turn, increases the intensity of anaerobic cellulolytics and nitrogen fixers, aerobic diazotrophs and amylolytics activity. The most responsive crop, under which the biological activity of almost all groups of microorganisms increased in the no-till variant, was corn, while winter wheat contributed to the increase in the number of microorganisms in the moldboard plowing variant. The use of mineral fertilizers provoked the growth of soil biological activity under sunflower sown directly in the soil, while conventional tillage resulted in higher soil biological activity without application of mineral fertilizers

ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЕ АТЕРОСКЛЕРОТИЧЕСКИХ АНЕВРИЗМ БРЮШНОГО ОТДЕЛА АОРТЫ ПРИ ПОДКОВООБРАЗНОЙ ПОЧКЕ

One of the factors determining the frequency of intra- and postoperative complications during operations on the abdominal part of the aorta is anatomical variations and abnormalities of renal arteries and veins. Among the renal structure anomalies the most common is a fused kidney. This anomaly is of great interest in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. The article highlights the historical aspects of the study of this group of patients, presents the classification, the features of surgical access, the advantages and disadvantages of each of them, the experience presented in the world literature, as well as the authors’ own experience in carrying out such operations for 30 years in the walls of the A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Institute of Surgery. Peculiarities of surgical tactics in this group of patients were discussed: prevention of such complications as urinary leakage, addition of infection, bleeding, kidney ischemia and postoperative acute renal failure arising after routine intersection of the isthmus of the fused kidney, features in the placement of the prosthesis, data of CT, 3D reconstruction, CT-angiography, intraoperative photos were presented. The main issues that the surgeon faces during surgeries are considered: the choice of surgical access, the choice of the method of renal parenchyma protection, the choice of the method of reconstruction of the renal artery, the decision to preserve or intersect the isthmus of the fused kidney. The aspects of tactics definition in case of both planned and emergency operative interventions are considered. The authors also considered not only the possibility of performing open surgeries, but also X-ray endovascular operations, with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each type of intervention.Одним из факторов, определяющих частоту интра- и послеоперационных осложнений при выполнении операций на брюшном отделе аорты, являются анатомические вариации и аномалии почечных артерий и вен. Среди аномалий строения почек наиболее часто встречается подковообразная почка. Эта аномалия представляет собой исключительный интерес у больных с аневризмой брюшного отдела аорты. В статье освещаются исторические аспекты изучения данной группы пациентов, представлена классификация, особенности хирургического доступа, достоинства и слабые стороны каждого из способов, опыт, представленный в мировой литературе, а также собственный опыт авторов в проведении подобных операций в течение 30 лет в стенах НМИЦ хирургии им А.В. Вишневского. Обсуждены особенности хирургической тактики у этой группы пациентов: профилактики таких осложнений, как мочеистечение, присоединение инфекции, кровотечение, ишемии почки и послеоперационная острая почечная недостаточность, возникающих после рутинного пересечения перешейка подковообразной почки, особенности в размещении протеза. Представлены данные КТ, 3D-реконструкции, КТ-ангиографии, интраоперационные фотографии. Рассмотрены главные вопросы, которые встают перед хирургом во время операций: выбор хирургического доступа, выбор метода защиты почечной паренхимы, выбор метода реконструкции добавочных почечных артерии, принятие решения о сохранении или пересечении перешейка подковообразной почки. Рассмотрены аспекты определения тактики в случае как плановых, так и экстренных оперативных вмешательств. Также авторами рассмотрена не только возможность выполнения не только открытых операций, но и рентгенэндоваскулярных, с обсуждением преимуществ и слабых сторон каждого из видов вмешательств

Data descriptor: Spatial distribution of arable and abandoned land across former Soviet Union countries

© The Author(s) 2018. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of agricultural abandonment following the collapse of the Soviet Union is highly uncertain. To help improve this situation, we have developed a new map of arable and abandoned land for 2010 at a 10 arc-second resolution. We have fused together existing land cover and land use maps at different temporal and spatial scales for the former Soviet Union (fSU) using a training data set collected from visual interpretation of very high resolution (VHR) imagery. We have also collected an independent validation data set to assess the map accuracy. The overall accuracies of the map by region and country, i.e. Caucasus, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation and Ukraine, are 90±2%, 84±2%, 92±1%, 78±3%, 95±1%, 83±2%, respectively. This new product can be used for numerous applications including the modelling of biogeochemical cycles, land-use modelling, the assessment of trade-offs between ecosystem services and land-use potentials (e.g., agricultural production), among others

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ГИГАНТСКИХ АТЕРОСКЛЕРОТИЧЕСКИХ АНЕВРИЗМ БРЮШНОГО ОТДЕЛА АОРТЫ

The article deals with some aspects of surgical treatment of giant atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms. Giant aneurysms measuring more than 10 cm in diameter are an extremely rare disorder. A total of 33 observations of surgical treatment of patients with this disorder are described in the English language literature. This article provides epidemiology data based on the publications we studied. Clinical cases described in both domestic and foreign literature are presented and reviewed. A summary table has been created on the basis of the data, which provides comprehensive information on the experience accumulated over the given time in the treatment of gigantic aortic aneurysms. Over 600 surgeries for abdominal aortic aneurysms, of which nine interventions for gigantic aneurysms, have been performed in A.V.Vishnevsky National Medical Research Institute of Surgery. So far, this is the largest experience in surgery of gigantic aortic aneurysms accumulated in one institution. The article presents an analysis of literature data in the context of the results of our own observations. The aspects of choosing the surgical treatment method, the advantages and disadvantages of both open interventions and endovascular operations were considered in detail. The authors described in detail the features of the choice of surgical access, the technique for isolating the aneurysm neck with a detailed analysis of the further course of the operation. Extensive visual material is presented such as CT-, CT angiography scans, intraoperative photographs. The outcomes of interventions are analysed, the mortality rate of post-surgical treatment of giant aneurysms is 0%, there is no significant difference in morbidity in comparison with surgery of smaller aneurysms.Статья посвящена особенностям хирургического лечения гигантских атеросклеротических аневризм брюшного отдела аорты. Гигантские аневризмы диаметром более 10 см являются крайне редкой патологией. В англоязычной литературе описано всего 33 наблюдения хирургического лечения пациентов с данной патологией. В статье приведены данные эпидемиологии на основе изученных нами публикаций. Представлены и проанализированы клинические случаи, описанные как в отечественной, так и в зарубежной литературе. На основе данных создана сводная таблица, в которой представлена исчерпывающая информация по накопленному на данный момент опыту в лечении гигантстких аневризм аорты. В НМИЦ хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского с 1993 по 2019 г. выполнено более 600 операций по поводу аневризм брюшного отдела аорты, из которых девять – вмешательства по поводу гигантских аневризм. На данный момент это является самым большим опытом хирургии гигантских аневризм аорты, накопленным в рамках одного учреждения. В статье представлен анализ данных литературы в контексте результатов собственных наблюдений. Подробно обсуждены аспекты выбора метода хирургического лечения, преимущества и недостатки как открытых вмешательств, так и эндоваскулярных операций. Обсуждены особенности выбора хирургического доступа, подробно изложена техника выделения шейки аневризмы с детальным разбором дальнейшего хода операции. Представлен обширный визуальный материал – данные КТ, КТ-ангиографии, интраоперационных фотографий. Проанализированы исходы вмешательств, летальность послехирургического лечения гигантских аневризм – 0%, существенного отличия в морбидности нет в сравнении с хирургией аневризм меньшего размера

Semi-groupe de Lie associé à un cône symétrique

Volcanic arcs are the surface expression of magmatic systems that result from the subduction of mostly oceanic lithosphere at convergent plate boundaries. Arcs with a submarine component include intraoceanic arcs and island arcs that span almost 22,000 km on Earth\u27s surface, the vast majority of which are located in the Pacific region. Hydrothermal systems hosted by submarine arc volcanoes commonly contain a large component of magmatic fluid. This magmatic-hydrothermal signature, coupled with the shallow water depths of arc volcanoes and their high volatile contents, strongly influences the chemistry of the fluids and resulting mineralization and likely has important consequences for the biota associated with these systems. The high metal contents and very acidic fluids in these hydrothermal systems are thought to be important analogs to numerous porphyry copper and epithermal gold deposits mined today on land

Expedition 376 summary

Volcanic arcs are the surface expression of magmatic systems that result from subduction of mostly oceanic lithosphere at convergent plate boundaries. Arcs with a submarine component include intraoceanic arcs and island arcs that span almost 22,000 km on Earth’s surface, and the vast majority of them are located in the Pacific region. Hydrothermal systems hosted by submarine arc volcanoes commonly contain a large component of magmatic fluid. This magmatic-hydrothermal signature, coupled with the shallow water depths of arc volcanoes and their high volatile contents, strongly influences the chemistry of the fluids and resulting mineralization and likely has important consequences for the biota associated with these systems. The high metal content and very acidic fluids in these hydrothermal systems are thought to be important analogs to numerous porphyry copper and epithermal gold deposits mined today on land. During International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 376 (5 May–5 July 2018), a series of five sites was drilled on Brothers volcano in the Kermadec arc. The expedition was designed to provide the missing link (i.e., the third dimension) in our understanding of hydrothermal activity and mineral deposit formation at submarine arc volcanoes and the relationship between the discharge of magmatic fluids and the deep biosphere. Brothers volcano hosts two active and distinct hydrothermal systems: one is seawater influenced and the other is affected by magmatic fluids (largely gases). In total, 222.4 m of volcaniclastics and lavas were recovered from the five sites drilled, which include Sites U1527 and U1530 in the Northwest (NW) Caldera seawater-influenced hydrothermal field; Sites U1528 and U1531 in the magmatic fluid-influenced hydrothermal fields of the Upper and Lower Cones, respectively; and Site U1529, located within an area of low crustal magnetization that marks the West (W) Caldera upflow zone on the caldera floor. Downhole logging and borehole fluid sampling were completed at two sites, and two tests of a prototype turbine-driven coring system (designed by the Center for Deep Earth Exploration [CDEX] at Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology [JAMSTEC]) for drilling and coring hard rocks were conducted. Core recovered from all five sites consists of dacitic volcaniclastics and lava flows with only limited chemical variability relative to the overall range in composition of dacites in the Kermadec arc. Pervasive alteration with complex and variable mineral assemblages attest to a highly dynamic hydrothermal system. The upper parts of several drill holes at the NW Caldera hydrothermal field are characterized by secondary mineral assemblages of goethite + opal + zeolites that result from low-temperature (<150°C) reaction of rock with seawater. At depth, NW Caldera Site U1527 exhibits a higher temperature (~250°C) secondary mineral assemblage dominated by chlorite + quartz + illite + pyrite. An older mineral assemblage dominated by diaspore + quartz + pyrophyllite + rutile at the bottom of Hole U1530A is indicative of acidic fluids with temperatures of ~230°–320°C. In contrast, the alteration assemblage at Site U1528 on the Upper Cone is dominated by illite + natroalunite + pyrophyllite + quartz + opal + pyrite, which attests to high-temperature reaction of rocks with acid-sulfate fluids derived from degassed magmatic volatiles and the disproportionation of magmatic SO2. These intensely altered rocks exhibit extreme depletion of major cation oxides, such as MgO, K2O, CaO, MnO, and Na2O. Furthermore, very acidic (as low as pH 1.8), relatively hot (≤236°C) fluids collected at 160, 279, and 313 meters below seafloor in Hole U1528D have chemical compositions indicative of magmatic gas input. In addition, preliminary fluid inclusion data provide evidence for involvement of two distinct fluids: phase-separated (modified) seawater and a ~360°C hypersaline brine, which alters the volcanic rock and potentially transports metals in the system. The material and data recovered during Expedition 376 provide new stratigraphic, lithologic, and geochemical constraints on the development and evolution of Brothers volcano and its hydrothermal systems. Insights into the consequences of the different types of fluid–rock reactions for the microbiological ecosystem elucidated by drilling at Brothers volcano await shore-based studies