Review on Dog Neonatal Mortality

The canine neonatal period refers to the first 2–3 weeks of life.After this time, the hepatic and renal drug elimination mechanisms can be expected to approach adult values. Or it is defined as the transitional phase from foetal to adult life. During this interval changes in structure and function occur as the animal moves from the physically, chemically and microbiologically protected environment of the uterus to face the adaptive requirements for survival in a complex environment. Neonatal mortality in dogs has caused a lot of loss dogs and has always attention is given on the survival of young dogs.Neonatal mortality occurs in dog is related to different factors, such as management conditions, malnutrition, congenital abnormalities, parasitism, and infectious diseases. In general the causes of the neonatal mortality in dog is classified as neonatal, maternal, environmental and management risk factors. Keywords: Mortality, Dogs, Pupp

Technical Efficiency of Sorghum Production: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in Konso District, Southern Ethiopia

This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households during the 2014/15 production season. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Negative coefficients of education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact and soil fertility status indicates that improvement in these factors results in a significant decrease in the level of technical inefficiency. Akin, positive coefficients of age, livestock holding and plots distance were found to increase households’ technical inefficiency. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants. Keywords: Technical efficiency, SPF, Smallholders, Konso, Sorghum Production

Determination of heavy and essential elements in tap water using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in Kembata Tembaro Zone: SNNPR, Ethiopia

An appropriate level of concentration of elements in the human body is vital for its proper functioning. The measurement of both heavy and essential elements determines the quality of the water that tremendously correlated with the health of the consumers. In this study, the concentration levels of five essential metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg and Zn) and three heavy metals (Pb, Hg and Cd) were determined in the tap water by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique after pre-concentration and acid digestion. The result of the study had revealed that the concentrations of metals in the tap water samples (in mg/L) were in the ranges of: Ca (16.52-24.74), K (8.43-11.44), Mg (5.10-11.30), Na (18.89-28.62), Pb (0.02- 0.03), Zn (1.22-2.44), Cd (0.01) and Hg ( 0.04-0.05). The concentrations of essential elements were very small as compared to their recommended value by USEPA/WHO while the concentration of heavy metals were above the maximum levels recommended by EPA, WHO and USEPA. Thus, it can be concluded that this water requires treatment for heavy metals beforeused by the community

Determination of Essential and Non-essential Elements in Moringa stenopetala Leaves and Flowers Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in Dawuro Zone, Southern Ethiopia

This study aimed at determining concentration levels of essential elements (K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni) and non-essential elements (Pb, and Cd) present in leaves and flowers of Moringa stenopetala. Dry ash digestion method was deployed. The absorption intensity of the elements in Moringa stenopetala leaves and flowers were recorded by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Results indicate that the mean concentration of the elements in Moringa stenopetala leave samples are (in mg/kg): Ca (5,713.86 - 6621.14), K (27,587.10 - 28,315.40), Pb (0.73 - 0.81), Zn (41.17 - 47.00), Cd (0.05 - 0.83), Cu (2.41 - 4.74), Ni (0.54 - 0.80), Mn (26.75 - 26.92), Fe (61.05 - 65.30). Moreover, the mean concentration of the elements in Moringa stenopetala flower samples are (in mg/kg): Ca (2,796.97 - 3,028.67), K (28,358.30 - 36,008.60), Pb (0.54 - 0.68), Zn (24.48 - 30.66), Cd (ND - 0.03), Cu (1.83 - 4.69), Ni (0.53- 0.61), Mn (12.37- 14.52) and Fe (108.97 - 114.03). Results show that the levels of elements are higher in the leaves than in the flowers, except K. The levels of most elements analyzed in M. stenopetala plant samples of this study were compared well with those reported for different medicinal plants from some other parts of the world and standards set by FAO/WHO. Leaves of M. stenopetala, commonly consumed part in Southern Ethiopia, showed appreciable mineral contents and thus are good source of essential nutrients while toxic elements are found less than permissible limits set by FAO/WHO and are safe for human consumption

Students Who Aren\u27t Prepared For College Find Less Value In Books And Lecture Than Students Who Are Prepared

Students in three sections of introductory psychology, N = 1051, were asked about the utility of traditional, e.g. instructor, lectures and textbook, and nontraditional, e.g., clickers, podcasts and online lecture slides, teaching tools. Students who felt unprepared for college (25.9%) differed from their peers in their perceived utility of these tools. Both groups of students reported that novel teaching tools were less helpful than traditional teaching tools and while there was no group difference in the perceived usefulness of the novel tools, underprepared students found traditional teaching tools to be less helpful than did prepared students. When the individual tools were used to predict the amount of self-reported learning gains in these students, it was the traditional teaching tools that accounted for the greater proportion of variability in overall learning. These results suggest that, rather than adding new approaches to their teaching, instructors could best assist their underprepared students by helping them learn to make better use of traditional teaching tools

Postnatal Care Utilization and Associated Factors among Mothers who gave Birth in the Aysaeta District, Northeast Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross-sectional Study

BACKGROUND: Postnatal care is given to mothers and newborn babies within 42 days of delivery. It is a period of high maternal and newborn mortality and is also the most neglected in terms of maternal health services in many parts of the world. This study aimed to assess postnatal care and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in the year preceding the survey of the Ayssaeta district. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 406 mothers who gave birth in the year preceding the survey from August 02–30, 2020. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify factors associated with postnatal care utilization. RESULTS: Slightly greater than four out of ten  mothers have visited postnatal care units at least once. Living in urban areas, giving birth in a health facility, having complications during labor and after, and getting advice during antenatal care visits were associated with higher odds of postnatal care utilization. CONCLUSION: Less than half of the mothers received postnatal care following the delivery of their last child. Living in an urban, place of delivery, experiencing labor and postpartum complications, and receiving postnatal care advice during antenatal care have affected the utilization of postnatal care. Promoting skilled delivery and antenatal care with a focus on rural areas can help mothers learn about postnatal care and increase the number of mothers who use it.&nbsp

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Malaria among Febrile Children in Afar Region, Ethiopia: A Health Facility Based Study

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a major public health problem in Sub- Saharan Africa including Ethiopia and it affects children under five and pregnant mothers. Theprevalence of malaria is not well studied though the burden is expected to be high in low lands of Afar region.Therefore,this study attempts to assess the prevalence and associated factors of malaria among under five children in the pastoral community.METHODS: Cross-sectional study design was employed from April 15th to 15th May 2018 on a sample of 484 under-five children who visited the randomly selected health facilities of Dubti district, Afar region.The study participants were recruited randomly with the basic assumption that their arrival at health facilities is random. The main outcome variable was parasitological confirmed malaria among under five children and it was measured using either microscopy blood film examination. Binary logistic regression model was done to measure the association between confirmed malaria infection and its predictors. Independent variables with p-value less than 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis model. Statistical significance level was declared at p-value less than 0.05.RESULTS: The prevalence of malaria among febrile under-five children was 64% (95% CI 59.5%-68.4%). Of these,more than half (66.5%) and one-fifth (22. 2%) of the cases were caused by p.falciparum and p.vivax respectively. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed thatliving in rural residence [AOR=1.77: 95% CI 1.10-2.85], having educated mother [AOR=0.406: 95% CI 0.26-0.63], age of child ([AOR=2.98: 95% CI 1.41-6.32], sex of child [AOR=1.99: 95% CI 1.29-3.08], not sleep under ITN [AOR=9.10: 95% CI 1.01- 82.58], ITN availability [AOR=2.23: 95% CI 1.01- 4.89] and history of malaria infection among family members [AOR=9.10: 95% CI 1.01-82.58] were the independent predictors of malaria infection among under five children.CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of malaria among under-five children was high compared to the national prevalence of malaria among the general population. Health care providers (HCPs) should educate parents/guardians regarding proper utilization of ITN at night. In addiotion, they should provide early treatment for febrile family members to halt the transmission of malaria. The regional government should give due attention to supply of ITN and enhance the awareness of the community. Additional longitudinal studies are recommended.

Effect of fresh water supply on agriculture in the southwest of the Netherlands.

Soil water deficits for twelve crops during each summer from 1933 to 1980 were calculated for a 15,000 ha region of southwestern Netherlands, and the chloride load of the drainage ditches, due to the seepage of salt water from the sea, was determined. Water requirements for sprinkling irrigation and for flushing the water courses for quality control were computed. The maximum water requirement for sprinkling and flushing was 3.4 mm day-1. The average increase in crop yields due to sprinkling ranged fro