Indonesia's exports of frogs' legs

Indonesia is one of the world’s largest exporters of frogs’ legs for consumption as food. The majority of the frogs are caught in natural habitat on the island of Java - predominantly the Crab-eating Frog Fejervarya cancrivora (75%), and the Giant Javan Frog Limnonectes macrodon (19%). While the greater number of frogs taken is for local consumption, the available data show increasing numbers of frogs’ legs have been exported from Indonesia over time - from around 28 t in 1969, rising to around 5600 t in 1992 and then declining to around 3800 t in 2002. A strong increase in exports after 1985 corresponded with the banning in that year of exports of edible frogs from India and Pakistan - formerly the principal exporters of frogs’ legs. This paper examines the trade in Indonesia based on export data covering 34 years (1969 to 2002) and market surveys and interviews conducted in 2001 to 2003. Although some concern has been raised about the trade, this paper discusses the possibility that the current level of harvest has not depleted Indonesia’s population of edible frogs. However, it is not possible at the moment to state that current harvest levels are not a problem as insufficient information is available on production for the substantial domestic market

KONSERVASI AMFIBI DI INDONESIA: MASALAH GLOBAL DAN TANTANGAN1) (Conservation of Amphibian in Indonesia: Global Problems and Challenges)

This paper reviews potential causes of amphibian population declines in Indonesia in relation to global amphibian declines. At least six factors were identified: over-harvesting, loss of forest and wetland habitats, pollution, disease, introduction of exotic species and deformities. The conservation of Indonesian amphibian faces many challenges, among other the low perception and knowledge about amphibian among general public, also low number and low quality of local herpetologist .Key word: global amphibian declines; amphibian; frog; Indonesi

Population Study of Black Cormorants (Phalacrocorax Sulcirostris) and Other Waterbirds in Kota Baru Bandar Kemayoran Bird Park, Jakarta

This paper is the result of eight months research since November 1994 -June 1995, which is a part of hroaderresearch for the writer's master (S-2) thesis (on preparation). Research in three aqutic habitat (water reservoir,mangroves, and the mangrove-swamps boundary) had shown that most of the Black Cormorant population foundin the water reservoir areas. The number of the cormorant population is time fluctuated, with the highest numberfound on the 4th week of April (144 bird$). Nineteen species of water birds and 2 species of fish eating teresterialbird were found, specifically 15 species of waders, 3 species of marsh hird , 1 species of seabirds and 2 species o lfish eating terrestrial birds. 'The number of species found relatively lower than the result of research$ conducted byMulyani and Pakpahan (1993) or Oni (1995) which were done on Febuary, March, April, May and August1994.The difference occurs because less area coverage and shorter observation time ( 12 hours in a day)

Management of Sea Turtle in the Beach of Alas Purwo National Park, the Province of East Java

There are 4 species of sea turtles in Alas Punvo National Park. The Nesting sites along south coast and east coast of this area had been disturbing by people and natural factor. The population of turtle especially in east coast Blambangan Peninsula of this national park have decrease due to the lack of management effort and this situation had been promoting turtle hunting activities of local people and fisherman at the sea illegal egg collection at the beach. To increase the population of turtle especially in east coast Blambangan Peninsula, it need the increase of control activities as management effort and build additional semi natural nesting sites in Trianggulasi and in east coast Blambangan Peninsula.Kata Kunci : Penyu, penyebaran, gmgguan, penetasan, Alas Purwo

Struktur Komunitas Berudu Anura Di Sungai Cibeureum Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat

The use of various types of habitats can affect the structure of tadpole communities. The purpose of this study was to identify and measure: a) composition and diversity of Anuran species on two different seasons, b) distribution of tadpoles in different microhabitat types, and c) developmental stages of tadpole in two different season. Quantitative sampling of amphibian larvae was carried out on along the 224 m transect in Cibeureum stream, Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java. Four species were found in Cibeureum stream were Leptophryne cruentata (37.10%), Megophrys montana (34.33%), Rhacophorus margaritifer (28.49%), and Huia masonii (0.07%). Cibeureum stream microhabitat can be grouped into torrents, riffles and shingle areas. Tadpoles were only found in riffles and shingle areas. Omitting H. masonii data from linear regression test showed that microhabitat variables did not significantly affect the presence of tadpoles. Most tadpoles were found in stage 25. The dominant stage of tadpole found were in Gosner growth stage 24-28 (no foot) for both dry and wet season, which indicated that the frogs in the Cibeureum stream reproduce throughout the year

Identifikasi Nematoda Gastrointestinal Pada Katak Fejervarya Cancrivora Dan Limnonectes Macrodon Di Wilayah Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat (Gastrointestinal Nematode Identification of Frogs Fejervarya Cancrivora and Limnonectes Macrodon in Bogor Residence)

A research was conducted to identify and to descript nematode worm genera as parasite from gastrointestinal tract of local consumption frogs. Fifty five adult Fejervarya cancrivora and seventy Limnonectes macrodon were collected from three subdistricts in Bogor Residence; Caringin, Cibatok, and Cimanggis. The research was also carried out to quantify prevalence nematode that infest both of frogs and to observe relationship between prevalence level and resource area also spesies of its. Nematode generas which found in F. cancrivora were identified as Amplicaecum, Camallanus, Aplectana, Cosmocerca, Cosmocercella,and Spinicauda. The same generas infested L. macrodon for exception Camallanus. Fejervarya cancrivora nematode prevalence level was higher than L. macrodon in all subdistricts. Its prevalence level weren't influenced by resource area. But, there was significant correlation between prevalence level and species of frogs (α=0,01 and α=0,05). The differences of gastrointestinal nematode infestation are related to differences in habitat and food type of frogs also life cycle of nematodes

Preferensi Pakan dan Pertumbuhan Anakan Bulus (Amyda Cartilaginea Boddaert, 1770) di Penangkaran PT. Ekanindya Karsa, Kabupaten Serang, Banten

Softshell turtle (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert, 1770) is categorized as Appendix II CITES and vulnerable in IUCN Red List Data Book. Captive breeding of this turtle is important to continue their sustainable utilization. PT Ekanindya Karsa was one of the pioneers in captive breeding of this species since 2008. Until now, reference related to management and maintenance techniques of softshell turtle in captivity are few. This research aims to analyse feeding preferences in juveniles. The results will assist wildlife conservation efforts and improve captive breeding effort for the future. Research was carried out at PT. Ekanindya Karsa from July to October 2012. Fifteen juveniles were given food for 9 weeks comprises of tuna, shrimp, spinach and sweet potatoes with cafeteria methods. Based on the number of food intake and cost efficiency, prefereed food was sweet potato and tuna. Feeding activities were visible in the morning (7.00 – 10.00 am) and evening (7.00 – 10.00 pm) with ad libitum sampling methods. During experiment, all growth parameter (curve carapacea length, curve carapacea width and body mass) increased constantly