Morphological Characteristics of the Stomach of the Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis)

The ability of swamp buffaloes for adaptation to swampland was suggested to be supported by their digestive system efficiency including absorption one. This research was done to obtain scientific explanation about digestive efficiency of swamp buffalo by investigating swamp buffalo stomach morphologically. Six stomachs were obtained at slaughterhouse from 2.5-3 years old healthy male swamp buffaloes. Every part of the stomach includes nonglanduler stomach (forestomach: rumen, reticulum, and omasum) and glanduler stomach (abomasum) was taken for measuring length, width, and weight organs. Then all of samples from each part of stomach were prepared for morphological observation. The data were analyzed descriptively. Stomach of swamp buffalo had morphological peculiarities, such as: mucosa surface of rumen, reticulum, and omasum has black color, and there is variation of ruminal papillae of swamp buffalo, including branching. Special characteristics of swamp buffalo stomach is estimated as supporting morphological factors for increasing digestive efficiency to survive in swampland

Studi Anatomi Catecholamine Mesolimbic Pathway pada Kalong Kapauk (Pteropus Vampyrus) Asal Pulau Timor

Catecholamine mesolimbic pathway (CMP) is a dopamine pathways of the brain that derived from cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the limbic area i.e. nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus. In normal conditions, CMP plays a role as controls of motor activity, motivation, emotional and cognitive. Bats are flying mammals which can be potential as natural reservoir of rabies. One of the symptoms of animal rabies is impaired in emotional control that related with limbic system. Kalong kapauk (Pteropus vampyrus) is one of the species of bats that distributed in south Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and spread out to the island of Timor, East Nusa Tenggara. The aim of this research is studying the anatomical structures in CMP of kalong kapauk (Pteropus vampyrus) from Timor island. Four kalong kapauk (Pteropus vampyrus) from Soe-Timor island, East Nusa Tenggara was anaesthetized by using ketamine (20 mg/kg bw) and xylazin (2 mg/kg bw). In deep anesthesia condition, animals were perfused by using physiological saline and after the blood were removed well, the physiological saline were changed to 10% buffered formalin as a fixative. The brain were removed from the cranium, dissected midsagital and processed for histology by paraffin method. The brains were cut in 12 μm thickness and then it stained by using cresyl echt violet and immunohistochemistry by tyrosine hydroxilase antibody. The sections were examined for shape and size of neurons in the VTA and their axonal pathways by light microscope and were documented using a digital camera. The results were analyzed descriptively. The results shows that neurons in the VTA are bipolar and multipolar in shape with the size of 10-32 μm (mean 20.31 ± 4.40 μm) and densities are 15.33 ± 5.71 cells/0,116 mm2. The area of nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and cornua ammonis 3 of hippocampal are TH immunoreactive as the axon terminal. The conclusion of this study is there are catecholaminergic neurons in the VTA that made an area limbic pathways i.e. nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and cornua ammonis 3 of hippocampal

Studi Anatomi Intestinum Krasum pada Kalong Kapauk (Pteropus Vampyrus)

Pteropus vampyrus is one of the animal species that plays an important role in the ecosystem by spreading the seeds of the edible fruits. Feed variations on each animal greatly affect the digestive tract. This study was aimed to determine the anatomical structure of the large intestine. Five adult large flying foxes weighing 500-800 g were used as the sample in this study. Large intestines were embedded in paraffin and stained with H & E method. H & E staining resulted in the presence of intestinal villi on colon and rectum

Adhesion and proliferation of living cell on surface functionalized with glycine nanostructures

This research presents the application of glycine amino acid for establishing firm cell-substrate interaction instead of expensive adhesion proteins, peptides and peptide derivatives. The glycine amino acid is chemically functionalized on the coverslip to achieve self-assembled nanostructure. Glycine self-assembly on NaCl treated coverslips is initiated with SiONa+:COO− linkage while their nanostructure is achieved with formation of glycine chain through NH3+:COO− covalent linkage between the adjacent molecules. The functionalization steps are confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) investigation. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations reveal that glycine growth initiates at 4 Hours (H) post-treatment while maximum growth appears after 8H-10H. Both the vertical and horizontal growth of nanostructures show dependence on functionalization periods. Various levels of glycine functionalized surface show different levels of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell adhesion and proliferation efficiency with maximum performance for 10H functionalized surface. The adhesion and proliferation performance of 10H glycine functionalized surface shows negligible difference when compared with glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) functionalized surface. Finally, growth curves obtained from both glycine and RGD functionalized surface reveal exponential growth phage up to 48H followed by stationary phage between 48H and 72H while death of many cells appears from 72H to 96H. Thus, this research concluded that glycine functionalized surface is equally effective for cell adhesion and proliferation

Introduction of Enzyme-Responsivity in Biomaterials to Achieve Dynamic Reciprocity in Cell–Material Interactions

Much effort has been made in the development of biomaterials that synthetically mimic the dynamics of the natural extracellular matrix in tissues. Most of these biomaterials specifically interact with cells, but lack the ability to adapt and truly communicate with the cellular environment. Communication between biomaterials and cells is achieved by the development of various materials with enzyme-responsive moieties in order to respond to cellular cues. In this perspective, we discuss different enzyme-responsive systems, from surfaces to supramolecular assemblies. Additionally, we highlight their further prospects in order to create, inspired by nature, fully autonomous adaptive biomaterials that display dynamic reciprocal behavior. This Perspective shows new strategies for the development of biomaterials that may find broad utility in regenerative medicine applications, from scaffolds for tissue engineering to systems for controlled drug delivery