Practice of law in the provisioning of accessibility facilities for person with disabilities in Malaysia

Malaysia’s significant changes can be seen clearly through the improvement of social welfare of the disabled and people with disabilities. Although the governments has carried out various policies and provide facilities as well as provision for the disabled but there are still many obstacles encountered by people with disabilities, especially the legal and the accessibility of facilities and services. Therefore, this paper attempts to discuss the practice of law relating of legal procedure particularly for disabled users which affects the movement of these people from one destination to another. This paper discusses the practice of law adopted in the preparation of facilities for disabled people to help them make movement independently. The study was conducted by secondary data to the Malaysia legal and policies for disabled person by comparing with United Kingdom (UK). Malaysia has come out with a strong legal framework for disabled person through People with Disabilities Act 2008 (Act 685). There are several areas in the act that still can be improved to support disabled person

Soluble pozzolanic materials from coal bottom ash as cement replacement material

Nowadays, intensive research in production of highly reactive pozzolanic materials from industrial waste to replace cement is crucial. This action expected to increase industrial waste recycling rate and at the same time reduce extraction of non-renewable resources of limestone. Unique characteristics of coal bottom ash as one of the industrial based pozzolan gained less popularity because of its low reactivity and heavy metal leaching due to conventional method used for disposal. Therefore, an alternative approach was deliberated in this research to utilize coal bottom ash into soluble form and enhance the quality of bottom ash as pozzolanic material. Coal bottom ash after the acid washing with optimum parameter was then undergoes solution-gelification process with various alkali based solution for 2 hours soaking durations. The conversion of coal bottom ash into soluble silica in this study demonstrates good pozzolanic performance in a state of siliceous gel pozzolan compared to the raw ones. 5% of cement replacement by soluble silica from CBA shows good strength development from early and later age. The physical dispersion effect is the cumulative effect of enhancement cement hydration due to the availability of increased the nucleation sites on soluble silica particles

Geopolymer coating paste on concrete for photocatalytic performance

Construction materials mainly used Portland cement as raw materials mainly caused global warming effect around the world. This article report a review on a research work carried out on the use of geopolymer coating on the concrete surface with catalyst for a good adsorption and efficiency via photocatalytic activity using sunlight. The geopolymer paste deposited by coating on the concrete or other building construction surface. The geopolymer paste were prepared by mixing aluminosilicates material with alkaline activator added with catalyst materials such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. The performance of geopolymer coating in removal of dyes reported comparable with other materials. Photocatalytic activity performance evaluate by adsorption of dyes onto geopolymer

Development of Sucrose and Citric Acid as the Natural Based Admixture for Fly Ash Based Geopolymer

Geopolymer is the state of the art binder in concrete technology. It utilizes alkaline solution to activate alumina and silica precursors from source material and forms aluminosilicate-based binding material. Nevertheless, the presence of high calcium content in the source material can reduce the performance of geopolymer binder, particularly in terms of its workability performance. The available commercial admixture cannot provide significant improvement to the rapid setting time generated by high calcium in geopolymer system. This research studied the effect of sucrose and citric acid as the proposed natural admixture in fly ash based geopolymer binder. Based on Vicat setting time result, these materials behave oppositely in fly ash based geopolymer paste. Sucrose tends to increase the setting time of geopolymer paste, while citric acid has an accelerating effect. An unexpected trend is also shown from the relation between porosity and compressive strength of hardened specimen. It appears that the rapid production of geopolymer gels to fill the water-filled voids was not followed by the quality of gel structure. However, these results have presented an encouraging prospect for natural-based material to be developed as the admixture for geopolymer concrete

Effect of Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate and Calcium Nitrate on Strength and Microstructural Properties of Geopolymer Mortar

Adoption of coal fly ash (Class C) as the main source material for geopolymers would cause rapid setting to the fresh geopolymer mortar or concrete. This behaviour explained the limited application of this material in the construction industry. On the other hand, calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) are alternative admixtures that known to extend the setting time of fresh geopolymers. However, their effect on the strength and microstructural properties remain unclear due to the limitation of relevant literature from previous studies. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of these admixtures in fly ash based geopolymer system, particularly to its strength performance. The effects of adding Ca(NO3)2 and K2HPO4 were evaluated at dosages of 0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% (by fly ash weight) in the geopolymer mixture, and samples were cured at room temperature. Hardened geopolymer specimens were measured for their compressive strength, porosity, and microstructural characteristic. The inclusion of 0.5% of alternative chemical reagents was found as the optimum proportion and able to enhance the compressive strength of the geopolymer mixtures. However, efflorescence was detected on the surface of the hardened specimen when K2HPO4 was included in its mixture. This phenomenon is influenced by the presence of monovalent and trivalent anions in the system namely nitrates and phosphates. In this study, each anion had a particular role in each stage of geopolymerisation, and determined the quality via crystal growth control and influenced the development of aluminosilicate structures

Assessing the impact of petroleum sludge ash on the compressive strength of fly ash-palm oil clinker geopolymer mortar

Oil industries are one of the most critical industries with substantial production and closely related to the public interest. Two major oil industries, namely petroleum and palm oil, represent primary sources of consumer groups in Malaysia. However, these sectors inevitably generate waste and require disposal systems. Massive amounts of petroleum sludge generated from the refinery process, possess toxic contaminants requiring careful disposal. Similarly, palm oil production generates a hefty amount of by-products from its extraction process. Encapsulating these wastes in a cementitious medium is considered a more feasible solution than converting them for landfilling. Therefore, this study aims to utilize two wastes from palm oil and petroleum industries as binder materials in a geopolymer framework. To achieve this, palm oil clinker and petroleum sludge as the by-products from those respective industries, were subjected to mechanical grinding and incineration processes to improve their reactivity. Palm oil clinker powder (POCP) was included in the geopolymer mixture to replace 2.00–10.00% of fly ash as the source material. After obtaining the optimum POCP replacement, 0.20–1.00% of petroleum sludge ash (PSA) to be included in the geopolymer mortar to assess its impact on geopolymerization. Compressive strength was evaluated on 7, 28, and 90 days to determine the optimum proportion of fly ash, palm oil clinker, and petroleum sludge ash in geopolymer, particularly the proportion that carries the least negative effect onto the compressive strength performance. Based on the results, the ratio of 91.30% fly ash, 7.60% POCP and 1.10% PSA provided the most significant strength improvement among its peers. The encapsulation task of petroleum sludg

Assessing the impact of petroleum sludge ash on the compressive strength of fly ash-palm oil clinker geopolymer mortar

Oil industries are one of the most critical industries with substantial production and closely related to the public interest. Two major oil industries, namely petroleum and palm oil, represent primary sources of consumer groups in Malaysia. However, these sectors inevitably generate waste and require disposal systems. Massive amounts of petroleum sludge generated from the refinery process, possess toxic contaminants requiring careful disposal. Similarly, palm oil production generates a hefty amount of by-products from its extraction process. Encapsulating these wastes in a cementitious medium is considered a more feasible solution than converting them for landfilling. Therefore, this study aims to utilize two wastes from palm oil and petroleum industries as binder materials in a geopolymer framework. To achieve this, palm oil clinker and petroleum sludge as the by-products from those respective industries, were subjected to mechanical grinding and incineration processes to improve their reactivity. Palm oil clinker powder (POCP) was included in the geopolymer mixture to replace 2.00–10.00% of fly ash as the source material. After obtaining the optimum POCP replacement, 0.20–1.00% of petroleum sludge ash (PSA) to be included in the geopolymer mortar to assess its impact on geopolymerization. Compressive strength was evaluated on 7, 28, and 90 days to determine the optimum proportion of fly ash, palm oil clinker, and petroleum sludge ash in geopolymer, particularly the proportion that carries the least negative effect onto the compressive strength performance. Based on the results, the ratio of 91.30% fly ash, 7.60% POCP and 1.10% PSA provided the most significant strength improvement among its peers. The encapsulation task of petroleum sludg

Effect of Mixing Ingredient on Compressive Strength of Oil Palm Shell Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash

AbstractThe increasingly generated oil palm shell (OPS) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) which is a by-product of Malaysian palm oil mills annually, has lead towards the effort of integrating palm oil fuel ash as mineral admixture in lightweight aggregate concrete which produced using 100% oil palm shell as lightweight aggregate. This paper addresses the compressive strength of this oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete upon usage of different ash replacement level, water cement ratio, superplasticiser, sand and cement content. At the early state of investigation, cubes of (100x100x100mm) containing various replacement level of ash were produced and tested for it compressive strength. Then, the 20% replacement levels of POFA which give the highest compressive strength value were used for further experimental work. Experimental work to investigate the effect of water content, percentage of superplasticiser, sand content and amount of cement used were conducted using two types of mixes. Plain oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete (0% POFA) as reference specimen, and oil palm shell lightweight aggregate containing 20% palm oil fuel ash (20% POFA) were prepared in form of cubes. All the specimens were subjected to water curing until the testing date. The compressive strength test was conducted following the procedures in BSEN 12390 – 3 at 28 days. Integration of 20% POFA in oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete leads to production of a greener lightweight aggregate concrete product with optimum strength. Inclusion too much of water should be avoided as it diminishes the concrete compressive strength. Only right formulation of palm oil fuel ash, water, superplasticizer, sand and cement content would be able to produce oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete containing palm oil fuel ash exhibiting optimum strength

Soluble Pozzolanic materials from coal bottom ash as cement replacement material

Nowadays, intensive research in production of highly reactive pozzolanic materials from industrial waste to replace cement is crucial. This action expected to increase industrial waste recycling rate and at the same time reduce extraction of non-renewable resources of limestone. Unique characteristics of coal bottom ash as one of the industrial based pozzolan gained less popularity because of its low reactivity and heavy metal leaching due to conventional method used for disposal. Therefore, an alternative approach was deliberated in this research to utilize coal bottom ash into soluble form and enhance the quality of bottom ash as pozzolanic material. Coal bottom ash after the acid washing with optimum parameter was then undergoes solution-gelification process with various alkali based solution for 2 hours soaking durations. The conversion of coal bottom ash into soluble silica in this study demonstrates good pozzolanic performance in a state of siliceous gel pozzolan compared to the raw ones. 5% of cement replacement by soluble silica from CBA shows good strength development from early and later age. The physical dispersion effect is the cumulative effect of enhancement cement hydration due to the availability of increased the nucleation sites on soluble silica particles

Performance Changes in Mass and Compressive Strength of High-Calcium Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete Due to Sodium Sulphate Exposure

The sulfate environment is one of the conditions that significantly affect the durability of concrete. Sulfate attack causes cracks and affects the quality of the concrete. Therefore, it is necessary to innovate concrete that can withstand the aggression of this sulfate attack. Geopolymer concrete is a breakthrough that can be developed as an alternative material without using Portland cement as the ingredients, yet by using class F fly ash as the primary source material. On the other hand, the availability of class C fly ash with high CaO content is highly abundant in Indonesia. The high calcium content in this fly ash will cause the fresh geopolymer concrete to harden rapidly. Previous studies used sucrose as an additive to overcome this rapid hardening problem. However, its effect on the geopolymer concrete exposed to sulfate ingression requires further investigation. In this study, the geopolymer concrete was produced by using class C fly ash and sucrose. The sulfate ingression was simulated by immersing the concrete specimen in the sodium sulfate solution while the mass changes and compressive strength were examined. pH measurement of the sodium sulfate solution was also carried out to provide a different perspective on the data analysis. Cylindrical specimens, measuring 10 cm x 20 cm, were produced using the dry-mixing method and the characteristic strength of 28 MPa according to SNI 2847–2019. From the results, geopolymer concrete with sucrose showed a high workability performance through the high slump value obtained. Nevertheless, the experimental results also indicated the declining strength of geopolymer concrete after the sulfate exposure. However, only a slight reduction was observed. The strength residue still satisfies the minimum requirement of SNI 2847-2019. It shows the potential of geopolymer concrete to be used as a construction material in a harsh environment with high sulfate content