Pengolahan Limbah Cair Tahu dengan Penambahan Kitosan pada Reaktor Anaerob dengan Variasi Waktu Tinggal

Industri tahu merupakan salah satu industri yang menggunakan kedelai sebagai bahan baku utamanya. Limbah cair tahu memiliki kandungan BOD, COD, dan TSS yang tinggi, sehingga berpotensi mencemari perairan. Pengolahan limbah cair tahu dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai proses, baik dengan proses biologi, kimia, maupun secara fisika. Pengolahan limbah secara kimia salah satunya menggunakan kitosan. Kitosan merupakan polielektrolit kationik dan polimer berantai panjang, mempunyai berat molekul besar dan reaktif karena adanya gugus amina, hidroksil yang bertindak sebagai donor elektron dan bersifat biodegradable. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang pengaruh penambahan kitosan berdasarkan variasi waktu tinggal pada pengolahan limbah cair tahu dengan reaktor anaerob, dan mengetahui efektifitas pengolahan terbaik terhadap variasi waktu tinggal pengolahan limbah cair tahu dengan penambahan kitosan pada reaktor anaerob. Penelitian dilakukan dalam skala Laboratorium yang dilakukan di Workshop Teknik Lingkungan dengan menggunakan 2 buah reaktor pengamatan yaitu reaktor kontrol dan reaktor perlakuan. Kitosan dilarutkan dengan menggunakan asam asetat 1%. 1 gr kitosan dilarutkan dalam 100 ml larutan asam asetat 1%, kemudian kitosan dicampurkan kedalam air limbah dengan dosis 225 mg/l dalam 4 liter air limbah pada reaktor perlakuan. Penambahan kitosan pada reaktor anaerob dilakukan pengamatan pada variasi waktu tinggal 4 hari, 8 hari, 12 hari dan 16 hari. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Pengaruh Penambahan kitosan pada reaktor anaerob terlihat pada parameter BOD dan TSS, sedangkan pH tidak terjadi Perubahan. Pengaruh penambahan kitosan dilihat dari hasil penurunan parameter BOD pada reaktor kontrol berturut-turut pada hari ke 4, 8, 12, dan 16 yaitu 3%, 10%, 31% dan 48%, sedangkan pada reaktor perlakuan mengalami penurunan berturut-turut sebesar 5%, 36%, 45%, dan 58%. Pengaruh penambahan kitosan terhadap penurunan TSS pada reaktor kontrol berturut-turut pada hari ke 4, 8, 12, dan 16 yaitu 65%, 78%, 85% dan 87%. Penurunan TSS pada reaktor perlakuan berturut-turut yaitu 72%, 81%, 91% dan 93%. Waktu tinggal terbaik pada pengolahan limbah tahu dengan penambahan kitosan pada reaktor anaerob dan tanpa penambahan kitosan terdapat pada hari ke 16

Impacts of land use, restoration, and climate change on tropical peat carbon stocks in the 21st century: Implications for climate mitigation

The climate mitigation potential of tropical peatlands has gained increased attention as Southeast Asian peatlands are being deforested, drained and burned at very high rates, causing globally significant carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere. We used a process-based dynamic tropical peatland model to explore peat carbon (C) dynamics of several management scenarios within the context of simulated twenty-first century climate change. Simulations of all scenarios with land use, including restoration, indicated net C losses over the twenty-first century ranging from 10 to 100 % of pre-disturbance values. Fire can be the dominant C-loss pathway, particularly in the drier climate scenario we tested. Simulated 100 years of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation with an initial prescribed burn resulted in 2400–3000 Mg CO2 ha−1 total emissions. Simulated restoration following one 25-year oil palm rotation reduced total emissions to 440–1200 Mg CO2 ha−1, depending on climate. These results suggest that even under a very optimistic scenario of hydrological and forest restoration and the wettest climate regime, only about one third of the peat C lost to the atmosphere from 25 years of oil palm cultivation can be recovered in the following 75 years if the site is restored. Emissions from a simulated land degradation scenario were most sensitive to climate, with total emissions ranging from 230 to 10,600 Mg CO2 ha−1 over 100 years for the wettest and driest dry season scenarios, respectively. The large difference was driven by increased fire probability. Therefore, peat fire suppression is an effective management tool to maintain tropical peatland C stocks in the near term and should be a high priority for climate mitigation efforts. In total, we estimate emissions from current cleared peatlands and peatlands converted to oil palm in Southeast Asia to be 8.7 Gt CO2 over 100 years with a moderate twenty-first century climate. These emissions could be minimized by effective fire suppression and hydrological restoration

Multivariate Analysis on Cranium Measurements of Three Breeds of Goat in Central Java

The purposes of this study were to 1) identify the size and shape of cranium of three breeds ofCentral Java local goats (Kejobong, Kacang and Ettawa Grade), 2) examine the effectiveness ofmultivariate analysis of cranial measurement and 3) estimate genetic distance among three local breedsof goat. The material used was cranium from female Kejobong, Kacang and Ettawa Grade goats, agedfor about 4 years (determined on the basis based on eruption of teeth), the number of specimens were30; 10 and 10, respectively. Twenty seven cranial measurements used to data observed, multivariateanalysis of GLM, CANDISC, PRINCOMP and DISCRIM were used to analysis all data observed.UPGMA of MEGA 5 was used to illustrate the distance among breeds. Results showed that EttawaGrade tended to show the largest size, followed by Kejobong and Kacang goats. Kejobong goat showedsmall cranium size with large cranium shape. Different things was found in Kacang goats in whichcranium size and cranium shape are relatively small. Kacang breed showed the smaller size (PrincipalComponent I or PC-1 = -2) compared to Ettawa Grade (PC-I = 3) and Kejobong goat (PC-I = -1).Analysis for classifying three breeds of local goat resulted in high accuracy (100%) as indicated by 0%of erroneous level (0%). Kejobong goat was close to in the genetic relationship to Kacang goatcompared to Ettawa Grade goat

Leucocyte Profile and Offspring Production of Guinea Pig (Cavia Cobaya) Given Anredera Cordifolia Leaf Extract

The objective of this study was to determine leucocyte and offspring production of Guinea pig (Cavia cobaya) giving Anredera cordifolia leaf extract. Materials used were female 16 heads of Guinea pig with body weight of 425g. The treatments were an extract of A. cordifolia leaf at doses of 0, 10, 50 and 90 mg/head, designated as T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. A. cordifolia leaf extract was administered orally from 10 days prepartum to 10 days postpartum. Blood was taken at 10 days prepartum and 10 days postpartum. Total birth of the offspring was observed. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and if there was effect of treatment, then continued with Duncan multiple range test and Chi-Square test for fetal production between the given A. cordifolia leaf extract and control. The result showed that there was no significant difference for 10 days prepartum after addition of A cordifolia leaf extract treatment. The postpartum treated showed a total 50 mg/head level increaed for monocytes than that of level 0, 10 and 90 mg/head. Ten days postpartum treatment showed the total increase for leucocyte and monocytes total were 50 and 90 mg/head, respectively compared to 10 mg/head level. Total lymphocyte of 90 mg/head increased compared to level 10 and 50 mg/head. The highest total neutrophil as found at level of 50 mg/head which increased compared to the level of 0 and 10 mg/head. ProvisioningA. cordifolialeaf extract at doses level of 50 and 90 mg/head could increase litter size (P<0.05; χ2=9.267) and decreased offspring mortality (P<0.05; χ2=6.4). In conclusion, by giving 50 mg/head A. cordifolia leaf extract could increase leucocyte profile and offspring production of Guinea pig

Genetic Variation in Three Breeds of Indonesian Local Ducks Based on Blood and Egg White Protein Polymorphism

A study of genetic variation of four blood protein loci and three egg white loci in three breeds ofIndonesian local ducks (Magelang duck = MAD, Tegal duck = TED and Mojosari duck= MOD) wasinvestigated by using polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The result showed that four bloodprotein loci (Pre-albumin, Albumin, Transferrin and Post-transferrin) and three egg white loci(Ovalbumin, Ovoglobulin and Conalbumin) were found to be polymorphic in three breeds of localducks. There was no difference on blood and egg white protein polyimorphism. The average value ofheterozygosity on three breeds of local ducks had a genetic potential to determine the controlled matingsystem and selection to obtain pure line. The closest phylogenetic relationship among the three breeds oflocal ducks occurred between MAD and TED

Hubungan antara Ukuran-ukuran Tubuh dengan Bobot Badan pada Kambing Kacang di Kabupaten Grobogan, Jawa Tengah

Morphological performance can be used to characterize and to select livestock. Body weight can be estimated by body measurements. The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between body measurements and body weight of Kacang goats in Grobogan Regency. Fourty one Kacang goats were used as materials. Kacang goats were grouped into different group of sex. Variable observed were body weight, face length, ear length, chest circumference, chest width, chest depth, body length, height at wither, height at hip, hip width, front leg length, hind leg length and tail length. Data observed were analyzed by using Statistical Analysis System (SAS ver 6.12). Results showed regression equation models of body measurements can be used to estimate the body weight of Kacang goat with coeffisient of determination of 81.4%-97.8%. Variable of body measurements used to estimate body weight of Kacang goat were face length, ear length, chest circumference, chest width, body length, height at wither and hind leg length

Morphometric Characterization and Genetic Distance among Four Breeds of Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

An experiment was conducted to elucidate performance of body measurements and to estimate genetic distance among four breeds of rabbit, those were Flamish Giant, English Spot, Angora and Rex. Material of the experiment was 352 heads of four breeds of rabbit originating from three districts of Jambu, Sumowono and Ungaran in Semarang Regency-Central Java. Experiment material was determined by purposive sampling method on the basis of population density. Parameters observed were 1) head length, 2) head width , 3) ear length, 4) ear width, 5) chest circumference, 6) chest depth, 7) chest width, 8) humerus length, 9) radius-ulna length, 10) tibia length, 11) femoris length, 12) body length, and 13) hip width. SAS package program was used to analyze data. Phenogram tree was constructed using MEGA 5. Results showed that there was no difference on the morphometric performance between sex within breed with exception in Flamish Giant. Rabbits in Jambu district tended to have similarity in body measurement with those in Sumowono, but differed from rabbits in Ungaran. Cumulative contribution ratio from the first principal component (PC1) to the third principal component (PC3) was 83.6%. The genetically closeness was shown among Flamish Giant, English Spot and Angora, while Rex had a much different character. Keywords: morphometric, genetic distance, rabbit Animal Production 14(2):92-98