Beaney: The Right to Counsel in American Courts

A Review of The Right to Counsel in American Courts. By William M. Beane

Book Review: AMERICAN CIVIL PROCEDURE / MILITARY LAW UNDER THE UNIFORM CODE or MILITARY JUSTICE / CASFS AND MATERALS ON THE LAW OF CORPORATIONS

AMERICAN CIVIL PROCEDURE. By William Wirt Blume. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1955. Pp. 432. $6.50Review by JOSEPH H. KOTTLER, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF LAW, NEW YORK LAW SCHOOL MILITARY LAW UNDER THE UNIFORM CODE or MILITARY JUSTICE. By William B. Aycock and Seymour W. Wurfel. Chapel Hill: 1956. University of North Carolina Press. Pp. 430.$750.Review by William M. Kunstler, ASSISTANT PROFFSOR OF LAW, New York Law School CASFS AND MATERALS ON THE LAW OF CORPORATIONS. Second Edition. By Robert S. Stevens and Arthur Larson. St. Paul: West Publishing Co. 1955. Pp. 741. $12.00.Review by MILTON A. SILVERMAN, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF LAW, NEW YORK LAW SCHOO

Quadratus femoris: an EMG investigation during walking and running

Dysfunction of hip stabilizing muscles such as quadratus femoris (QF) is identified as a potential source of lower extremity injury during functional tasks like running. Despite these assumptions, there are currently no electromyography (EMG) data that establish the burst activity profile of QF during any functional task like walking or running. The objectives of this study were to characterize and compare the EMG activity profile of QF while walking and running (primary aim) and describe the direction specific action of QF (secondary aim). A bipolar fine-wire intramuscular electrode was inserted via ultrasound guidance into the QF of 10 healthy participants (4 females). Ensemble curves were generated from four walking and running trials, and normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs). Paired t-tests compared the temporal and amplitude EMG variables. The relative activity of QF in the MVICs was calculated. The QF displayed moderate to high amplitude activity in the stance phase of walking and very high activity during stance in running. During swing, there was minimal QF activity recorded during walking and high amplitudes were present while running (run vs walk effect size = 4.23,

Forêts de montagne et changement climatique : impacts et adaptation

This review identifies the main impacts of climate change on mountain forests, mainly in Europe, and the management practices proposed for forest adaption. The rise in temperatures, more frequent droughts and the multiplication of extreme events should lead, especially below 1000m in altitude, to the disappearance of highly drought-intolerant tree species (spruce, Scots pine) and their replacement by deciduous trees. In addition, recruitment of some species (fir, beech) is observed at higher altitudes and the duration of the growing season is increasing. Management recommendations for forest adaptation to climate change focus on reducing tree species' vulnerability to water stress and pests, as well as increasing their resilience and ability to respond to extreme weather events. They require genetic improvements and practices that encourage the establishment of suitable species, reduce water consumption and reduce the exposure of stands to risk.Les impacts du changement climatique sur les forêts de montagne sont déjà perceptibles et les prévisions nous montrent, par leurs contradictions, la complexité des phénomènes en jeu. L'objectif de cette étude bibliographique est d'abord de caractériser les principaux effets du changement climatique, principalement dans les forêts alpines, puis de présenter différentes options d'adaptation devant permettre de conserver les services actuellement fournis par la forêt. L'épicéa, le sapin et le hêtre, dominants dans les Alpes françaises, y sont privilégiés

Forêts de montagne et changement climatique : impacts et adaptations

This review identifies the main impacts of climate change on mountain forests, mainly in Europe, and the management practices proposed for forest adaption. The rise in temperatures, more frequent droughts and the multiplication of extreme events should lead, especially below 1000m in altitude, to the disappearance of highly drought-intolerant tree species (spruce, Scots pine) and their replacement by deciduous trees. In addition, recruitment of some species (fir, beech) is observed at higher altitudes and the duration of the growing season is increasing. Management recommendations for forest adaptation to climate change focus on reducing tree species' vulnerability to water stress and pests, as well as increasing their resilience and ability to respond to extreme weather events. They require genetic improvements and practices that encourage the establishment of suitable species, reduce water consumption and reduce the exposure of stands to risk.Cette étude bibliographique recense les principaux impacts du changement climatique sur les forêts de montagne, principalement européennes, ainsi que les pratiques de gestion proposées pour adapter les forêts à ces changements. La hausse des températures, les sécheresses plus fréquentes et la multiplication des évènements extrêmes devraient entrainer, surtout en-deçà de 1000m d'altitude, une réduction des essences les moins tolérantes à la sécheresse (épicéa, pin sylvestre) et leur remplacement par des feuillus. D'ores et déjà, le recrutement de certaines essences (sapin, hêtre) est observé à des altitudes plus élevées et la durée de la saison de végétation augmente. Les préconisations de gestion pour l'adaptation des forêts au changement climatique s'attachent à réduire la vulnérabilité des essences au stress hydrique et aux parasites, ainsi qu'à renforcer leur résilience et leur capacité de réponse aux évènements climatiques extrêmes. Elles passent par des améliorations génétiques et des pratiques qui favorisent l'installation d'espèces adaptées, réduisent la consommation d'eau et l'exposition des peuplements aux risques

Cold hardening protects cereals from oxidative stress and necrotrophic fungal pathogenesis

The effects of cold hardening of cereals on their cross-tolerance to treatments leading to oxidative stress were investigated. Long-term exposure to low non-freezing temperatures provided partial protection to wheat and barley plants from the damage caused by paraquat and hydrogen peroxide treatments. It also conferred resistance in two barley cultivars to the necrotic symptoms and growth of the fungal phytopathogen Pyrenophora teres f. teres . Pathogen-induced oxidative burst was also reduced in cold hardened plants. The possible roles of host-derived redox factors and other signaling components in the observed forms of cereal cross-tolerance are discussed

Effects of growth rate, size, and light availability on tree survival across life stages: a demographic analysis accounting for missing values and small sample sizes.

The data set supporting the results of this article is available in the Dryad repository, http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.6f4qs. Moustakas, A. and Evans, M. R. (2015) Effects of growth rate, size, and light availability on tree survival across life stages: a demographic analysis accounting for missing values.Plant survival is a key factor in forest dynamics and survival probabilities often vary across life stages. Studies specifically aimed at assessing tree survival are unusual and so data initially designed for other purposes often need to be used; such data are more likely to contain errors than data collected for this specific purpose

A synthesis of bacterial and archaeal phenotypic trait data

A synthesis of phenotypic and quantitative genomic traits is provided for bacteria and archaea, in the form of a scripted, reproducible workflow that standardizes and merges 26 sources. The resulting unified dataset covers 14 phenotypic traits, 5 quantitative genomic traits, and 4 environmental characteristics for approximately 170,000 strain-level and 15,000 species-aggregated records. It spans all habitats including soils, marine and fresh waters and sediments, host-associated and thermal. Trait data can find use in clarifying major dimensions of ecological strategy variation across species. They can also be used in conjunction with species and abundance sampling to characterize trait mixtures in communities and responses of traits along environmental gradients