An Efficient ICI Cancellation Scheme to Mitigate the Effect of ICI on OFDM Systems

Inter-carrier interference (ICI) emerges in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems used for mobile communication as a consequence of the Doppler Effect\u27s loss of orthogonality among subcarriers. Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI), which affects every subcarrier, drastically lowers performance. The performance of OFDM systems may be enhanced using a variety of ICI mitigation strategies. Comparable subcarrier frequency offsets are guaranteed by the premise that the OFDM transmission bandwidth is suitably modest in the majority of ICI mitigation strategies, on the other hand. The frequency offsets between each subcarrier might change, hence a wideband OFDM system in a situation with high mobility is investigated. Furthermore, the suggested ICI cancellation approach, Total ICI Cancellation, does not reduce bandwidth efficiency or transmission rate. As an example, the Total ICI Cancellation approach uses the ICI matrix\u27s orthogonality to provide perfect ICI cancellation and a significant boost in BER at a linearly increasing cost. The suggested technique, which matches the BER performance of a wideband OFDM system without ICI, offers the best BER performance possible in the presence of frequency offset and time shifts in the channel, according to simulation findings in the AWGN and multipath fading channels

Application of data mining techniques in bioinformatics

With the widespread use of databases and the explosive growth in their sizes, there is a need to effectively utilize these massive volumes of data. This is where data mining comes in handy, as it scours the databases for extracting hidden patterns, finding hidden information, decision making and hypothesis testing. Bioinformatics, an upcoming field in today’s world, which involves use of large databases can be effectively searched through data mining techniques to derive useful rules. Based on the type of knowledge that is mined, data mining techniques [1] can be mainly classified into association rules, decision trees and clustering. Until recently, biology lacked the tools to analyze massive repositories of information such as the human genome database [3]. The data mining techniques are effectively used to extract meaningful relationships from these data.Data mining is especially used in microarray analysis which is used to study the activity of different cells under different conditions. Two algorithms under each mining techniques were implemented for a large database and compared with each other. 1. Association Rule Mining: - (a) a priori (b) partition 2. Clustering: - (a) k-means (b) k-medoids 3. Classification Rule Mining:- Decision tree generation using (a) gini index (b) entropy value. Genetic algorithms were applied to association and classification techniques. Further, kmeans and Density Based Spatial Clustering of Applications of Noise (DBSCAN) clustering techniques [1] were applied to a microarray dataset and compared. The microarray dataset was downloaded from internet using the Gene Array Analyzer Software(GAAS).The clustering was done on the basis of the signal color intensity of the genes in the microarray experiment. The following results were obtained:- 1. Association:- For smaller databases, the a priori algorithm works better than partition algorithm and for larger databases partition works better. 2. Clustering:- With respect to the number of interchanges, k-medoids algorithm works better than k-means algorithm. 3. Classification:- The results were similar for both the indices (gini index and entropy value). The application of genetic algorithm improved the efficiency of the association and classification techniques. For the microarray dataset, it was found that DBSCAN is less efficient than k-means when the database is small but for larger database DBSCAN is more accurate and efficient in terms of no. of clusters and time of execution. DBSCAN execution time increases linearly with the increase in database and was much lesser than that of k-means for larger database. Owing to the involvement of large datasets and the need to derive results from them, data mining techniques can be effectively put in use in the field of Bio-informatics [2]. The techniques can be applied to find associations among the genes, cluster similar gene and protein sequences and draw decision trees to classify the genes. Further, the data mining techniques can be made more efficient by applying genetic algorithms which greatly improves the search procedure and reduces the execution time

Improvement in Germination through Seed Pre-treatment in Ghingaru (Pyracantha crenulata (D. DON) M. ROEMER): An Important Wild Edible Ethno-medicinal Plant

484-486Ghingaru (Pyracantha crenulata (D. DON) M. ROEMER) is an important thorny Himalayan wild edible shrub. Fruits of the plant are rich source of anti-oxidants and used in preparation of cardio-tonic. However, scant scientific information is available on it mass propagation through seeds. The present study reports effect of chemical seed pre-treatments with sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, thio-urea along with hydro-priming on seed germination in ghingaru. Results revealed significant (P ≤ 0.05) improvement in germination of the stored ghingaru seeds through pre-treatment with potassium nitrate (300 or 400 mM) than the control and other treatments. The findings may be useful in mass propagation of the important plant as a source of nutrient rich food, medicines and other uses

Immunosuppressive and anti-cancer potential of aqueous extract of Solanum Xanthocarpum

451-457In this study whole plant aqueous extract of Solanum Xanthocarpum (HAESX) was investigated to assess its effect on humoral immune response along with interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and its expression in Wistar albino rats splenocytes culture. Anticancer potential of HAESX was investigated using rat lever hepatoma (N1S1 cancerous cell line). The effect of HAESX over humoral immune response was studied using four groups of five animals each (Group-I as control, Group -II orally fed with 125 mg/kg body weight, Group -III orally fed with 250 mg/kg body weight and Group -IV orally fed with 500 mg/kg body weight of HAESX). Quantification of IL-2 was done by sandwich ELISA and its expression was detected by the real time PCR. SRB assay (Sulforhodamine B) was done for detecting the effect of HAESX on N1S1 cell line. Dose dependent decrease in antibody titer was observed and production of IL-2 was also decreased significantly. Suppression of IL-2 production at 250 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL dose was also confirmed by the Real time PCR. Relative fold change in the expression of IL-2 gene was 592.22 and 10.77 at 250, 500 μg/mL HAESX concentrations respectively with respect to control. Dose dependent suppression of percent growth of N1S1 cells with increasing concentrations (10, 20, 40 and 80 µg/mL) of HAESX was found. It was concluded that S. xanthocarpum have the immunosuppressive, and anti cancer activity that can be further explore in treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune disease

PREVALENCE AND SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF ESBL PRODUCERS IN DIFFERENT CLINICAL ISOLATES FROM A TERTIARY HEALTHCARE CENTER OF EASTERN INDIA, A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Background Antimicrobial-resistant organisms have led to increased mortality, morbidity, and economic burden throughout the globe. This study focused on measuring the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance bacteria mostly by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers from several samples in a facility providing tertiary care in Eastern Odisha.  Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2021 to January 2022. During that time a total of 2452 culture-positive specimens were processed from different samples. Identification of organisms and antibiotic susceptibility was done manually through Kirby Beuer’s disc diffusion method. Phenotypic detection of ESBL producers was performed by a Double disc synergy test.  Results During the study, E. coli (852) was identified as the most prevalent organism followed by S. aureus (661) and K. pneumoniae (301).  Among them, 1571 isolates were ESBL-producing and E. coli was the most prevalent one followed by S. aureus and K. pneumoniae which were 659, 479, and 172 in number respectively. Most of the ESBL producers were isolated from urine samples and the least number from stool samples. We found in this study that the highest population of P.mirabilis and K. oxytoca were resistant to the fluoroquinolones group of antibiotics, Pseudomonas and K. oxytoca are highly resistant to aminoglycosides group of antibiotics, P.mirabilis, Enterobacter, P. vulgaris and Enterococci were showing high resistance towards penicillin group of antibiotics, P.mirabilis was highly resistant towards β-lactamase inhibitor group of antibiotics.  Conclusion As per the study findings, E. coli is the main producer of ESBLs among members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and urine is the main source of ESBL-positive isolates. These findings are highly significant from a medical and scientific standpoint and may influence policymakers to better monitor and manage antibiotic resistance

Immunosuppressive and anti-cancer potential of aqueous extract of Solanum Xanthocarpum

In this study whole plant aqueous extract of Solanum Xanthocarpum (HAESX) was investigated to assess its effect on humoral immune response along with interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and its expression in Wistar albino rats splenocytes culture. Anticancer potential of HAESX was investigated using rat lever hepatoma (N1S1 cancerous cell line). The effect of HAESX over humoral immune response was studied using four groups of five animals each (Group-I as control, Group -II orally fed with 125 mg/kg body weight, Group -III orally fed with 250 mg/kg body weight and Group -IV orally fed with 500 mg/kg body weight of HAESX). Quantification of IL-2 was done by sandwich ELISA and its expression was detected by the real time PCR. SRB assay (Sulforhodamine B) was done for detecting the effect of HAESX on N1S1 cell line. Dose dependent decrease in antibody titer was observed and production of IL-2 was also decreased significantly. Suppression of IL-2 production at 250 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL dose was also confirmed by the Real time PCR. Relative fold change in the expression of IL-2 gene was 592.22 and 10.77 at 250, 500 μg/mL HAESX concentrations respectively with respect to control. Dose dependent suppression of percent growth of N1S1 cells with increasing concentrations (10, 20, 40 and 80 µg/mL) of HAESX was found. It was concluded that S. xanthocarpum have the immunosuppressive, and anti cancer activity that can be further explore in treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune disease

Assessment of total phenolic content and antioxidant potentiality of selected Indian folk medicinal plants by spectrophotometric method

Natural antioxidant capacity of five important folk medicinal plants measured in vitro. Total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC) and free radical scavenging capacity of ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Lippia alba (LA), Annona squamosa (AS), Hyptis suaveolens (HS), Commiphora wightii (CW) and Milletia pinnata (MP) was assessed using spectrophotometric method. Folin ciocalteu and aluminium chloride method employed to optimise TPC and FC. Free radical scavenging potentiality of leaf extracts was assessed using Ferrous ion chelation (FIC), 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) scavenging, Hydroxyl (OH•) radical scavenging (HRS) and Superoxide (O- 2) radical scavenging (SRS) methods. Results revealed that the TPC (96.22±5.85 to 519.23±34.90 ?g GAE/gm dry weight) were found significant in aqueous extracts from all the plants except AS (p<0.05). For FC (?g QCE/gm dry weight), ethanol was found optimum for LA (463.94±6.49), CW (289.99±2.70) and MP (347.47±4.50) whereas, aqueous was found more appropriate for rest two plants were found significant instead of ethanol and methanol (all p<0.05). The lowest IC50 (?g/ml) were recorded from A. squamosa (27.72±8.95), H. suaveolens (27.78±0.88), C. wightii (27.18±0.16) and M. pinnata (27.30±0.03). All plants have reflected a high antioxidant capacity; however, the highest antioxidant activity was reported from ethanolic extract of H. suaveolens followed by L. alba, A. squamosa, C. wightii and M. pinnata. Hence, these studies show that all folk medicinal plants contain potential antioxidant bioactive compounds

A preliminary investigation on long-term consistency of MPC as a quick daily QA application

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish Machine performance check (MPC) application as a comprehensive daily QA program in a clinical setting for a True Beam 2.0 system and investigate the first ten months (195 days) daily QA data generated by the MPC.Methods: An automated daily quality assurance (QA) application named machine performance check (MPC) was recently launched by Varian Medical Systems with their TrueBeam 2.0 linear accelerator (linac) system. MPC performs all the essential machine tests such as Beam Constancy Check, and Geometry Check with the use of an IsoCal phantom. There is no systematic published study on long-term consistency and validation of MPC in a clinical set-up for its acceptance as an alternative QA application. In the present study, we collected data with the MPC for over ten months (195 days) on a TrueBeam 2.0 system. The data was analysed for reproducibility and also compared with the data collected with other statndard QA devices at the time of commissioning of the TrueBeam system for validation.Results: The results showed that the reproducibility of MPC was at least an order of magnitude less than the tolerance values for the respective parameters and also the average measured values for all QA parameters studied. The MPC measured isocenter accuracy, and output values were close to the Winston-Lutz test (within 0.1 mm) and the ion-chamber measurements (within 0.1%), respectively.Conclusion: With our long term result, it is evident that the MPC could be an alternative daily QA tool. A comprehensive and long-term validation of the MPC measured values with the other standard QA methods over the ten month period will be needed before accepting MPC as a reliable QA tool

Cloning and expression of cultural filtrate proteins from novel and native strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and their application in ELISA based sero-diagnosis of Johne's disease

Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is endemic in livestock leading to low per animal productivity. MAP as survives pasteurization, poses a public health problem because of high exposure to animals and humans. There is an urgent need for newer diagnostic tests with high specificity and sensitivity as the current ones suffer from lower sensitivity and specificity. In present study, six Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)-specific culture filtrate proteins (CFPs) were produced and evaluated for sero-diagnosis of MAP infection in goat and cattle herds in India. Genes encoding for six MAP-CFPs were amplified and cloned into easy cloning vector pJET1.2/pTZ57R followed by sub-cloning into expression vector pET28a (+)/pET22b (+) containing C-terminal Histidine. Recombinant CFPs (r-CFPs) expressions were optimized in Escherichia coli (Rosetta cells) and purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. In SDS-PAGE, MAP CFPs viz., 1693c, 2168c, ModD, 85C, Pep AN and Pep AC showed 22, 24, 55, 38, 20 and 25 kDa molecular masses, respectively. Identity of these r-CFPs was further confirmed by immuno-blotting. We developed six different ELISAs using the six individual r-CFPs and one additional ELISA i.e. cocktail ELISA (c-ELISA) was prepared using cocktail of all 6 r-CFPs. The performance of all seven ELISAs were further evaluated against whole cell protoplasmic based indigenous ELISA (i-ELISA). c-ELISA showed almost similar sensitivity as shown by i-ELISA. However, individual r-CFP based ELISA could not reach up to the sensitivity of cocktail of six r-CFPs. None of the r-CFP showed any false positive (as compare to i-ELISA) thereby specificity was 100%. Results of ELISA tests based on cocktail of r-CFPs, ModD and 85C were quite similar to i-ELISA from goat sera whereas in cattle serum c-ELISA was comparable with i-ELISA. Our study showed a comparable specificity of c-ELISA for the diagnosis of JD and it may have applicability in region where disease is endemic. Future validation of c-ELISA against gold standard or confirmatory tests would give a better insight on its diagnostic potential over i-ELISA

Detection of anti-Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antibodies in thyroid and type-1 diabetes patients

49-52Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes granulomatous intestinal disease in animals (Johne’s diseases). MAP has also been associated with several autoimmune disorders. In this study, we screened serum samples from confirmed patients of thyroid and type 1 diabetes for the presence of antibody against MAP. We used newly developed 'cocktail ELISA' (based on recombinant secretary proteins) and extensively validated 'indigenous ELISA' (based on whole cell protoplasmic antigen) and both the tests were also compared for their diagnostic potential. A total of 90 serums samples were included of which anti-MAP antibodies was detected in 28.8% and 26.6% of samples by indigenous ELISA (iELISA) and cocktail ELISA (cELISA), respectively. There was almost perfect agreement between the two tests in detecting the anti-MAP antibodies. Study raises concern on high detection of anti-MAP antibodies in human, thus warranting necessary control measure to minimize MAP exposure in human beings