Book Review: "Water Resources Management in Ethiopia: Implications for the Nile Basin."

Water Resources Management in Ethiopia: Implications for the Nile Basin.Edited by: Helmut Kloos and Worku Legesse (With 17 contributors)Cambria Press: Amherst: New York; 2010Hard Cover, 415 pages (with 14 chapters and Index

気候不正義：損失・損害の是正に向けて

京都大学新制・課程博士博士(地球環境学)甲第23592号地環博第219号新制||地環||42(附属図書館)京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻(主査)教授 宇佐美 誠, 教授 佐藤 淳二, 教授 山村 亜希, 准教授 徳永 悠, 教授 服部 高宏学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Global Environmental StudiesKyoto UniversityDGA

The effect of improved water and sanitation on diarrhea: Evidence from pooled Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys – A multilevel mixed-effects analysis

Abstract Background: In Ethiopia, diarrhoea is the leading cause of illness and hospital admissions among children, and the persistence of diarrheal epidemics in urban and rural areas warrants an exploration of the impact of WASH facilities over recent years. Objective: The study aimed to assess the effect of improved water sources and sanitation on the occurrence of diarrhea in Ethiopia, while controlling for household and child-related factors and accounting for higher-level variables. Methods: A total of 42,282 study subjects were pooled from the four rounds of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was run to identify the effect of water and sanitation on diarrhea, after adjusting for higher-level and confounding factors. SPSS version 24 was used for data management, while Stata version 15.1 was used for descriptive and multilevel analysis. Results: An improved water source was strongly associated with the occurrence of diarrhea in the final model, (AOR 95% CI: 1.02-1.2), while improved sanitation had a marginal association, (AOR 95% CI: 0.87-1.20). The interaction between improved water sources and improved sanitation has maintained the relevance of improved water sources, but not for improved sanitation, on diarrhea. Conclusions and recommendations: Improved water source was a strong predictor of diarrhea. Improved water sources and improved sanitation are both required to get the maximum benefit of reducing diarrhea among children. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2020; 34(4):268-276] Key words: Diarrhea, improved water source, improved sanitation, interaction, effect, Demographic and Health Surve

An Assessment of Ethio-China Political Economic Relations Since 1991

This piece of paper analyzes post-1991 Ethio-China political and economic relations by raising the following questions: What is the nature of the bilateral political and economic relations? What are the factors which enhanced the bilateral political and economic relations between Ethiopia and China? What are the arguments raised by different scholars about Ethiopia and China relations? There are a number of factors that contributed to the growth of bilateral relations. Ethiopia needs China for economic assistance; as an alternative source to the west and China’s development is generally considered as a role model for Ethiopia to follow. China also supports Ethiopia on different international issues. On the part of China, there are also several factors egging China to look towards Ethiopia especially in terms of Ethiopia’s strategic importance and market potential. Ethiopia could be a commercial launch pad for Chinese companies and China is also getting diplomatic support from Ethiopia for its policy on Taiwan among others. There are also common factors both from Ethiopia and China’s side which enhanced the bilateral relations. However, there are many arguments raised following Chinese deep engagement to Ethiopia. Among others on the economic front the bilateral relations are imbalanced; dumping of low price export; underbidding local companies and ideological differences among others. Generally, the paper agues the Ethio-Chinese relations are motivated by political and economic factors

Sanitary conditions of food establishments in Mekelle town, Tigray, North Ethiopia

No Abstract. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development Vol. 21 (1) 2007: pp. 3-1

Assessment of occupational injuries in Tendaho Agricultural Development S.C, Afar Regional State

Background: The status of occupational injuries in workplaces in general and agriculture sectors in particular is ill defined in Ethiopia. Pocket studies in developing countries indicate that occupational injury due to an unsafe working environment is increasing.Objectives: To determine the magnitude of occupational injury and describe factors affecting its happening among workers of Tendaho State Farm located in Afar Region.Methods: Cross-sectional study design was employed to assess  occupational injuries among randomly selected 810 workers in August, 2006. A structured questionnaire based interviews, work environment observation, physical examination of study subjects for injury, and reviewing medical records for injury were used to collect the data.Results: The overall occupational injury prevalence rate was 783 per 1000 exposed workers per year. Seventy (11%) injured workers were hospitalized. Most (90%) of hospitalization was for more than 24 hours. Only one death was reported in the preceding 12 months prior to the study. A total of 6153 work-days were lost, at an average of 11.4 daysper an injured worker per year. Working more than 48 hours per week [AOR: 8.27, 95% CI:(4.96-13.79)], absence of health and safety training [AOR: 2.87, 95% CI: (1.02-8.06)], sleeping disorder [AOR: 1.64, 95% CI: (1.12-2.41)], alcohol consumption [AOR: 1.72, 95% CI: (1.06-2.80)], job dissatisfaction [OR: 1.83, 95% CI: (1.30-2.58)] and absence of protective devices [OR: 3.18, (1.40-7.23)] were significant factors that contributed to the prevailing occupational injuries.Conclusion: Multiple factors related to the work organization and  employee’s behavior increased the risk of occupational injuries. Continued on the job training, sustained work place inspections and proving occupational health and safety services should get emphasis in work places

The status of school sanitation facilities in some selected primary and secondary schools in Dessie City Administration, South Wello Zone, Amhara Region

Background: There is a growing demand on school hygiene and sanitation facilities given the growing number of school enrolment in Ethiopia. A safe school environment plays a key role in facilitating education and enduring pupils with improved life skills. Although there is much attention given for the expansion of schools to reach all school aged children in Ethiopia, the concern on focusing school hygiene and sanitation remains to be a challenge.Objectives of the study: A assessing the status of water and sanitary facilities in selected schools of Dessie Town with the intention of obtaining exploring baseline to serve for implementation of an Urban Health Extension Program in the region.Methods: This study was done in May 2010 in Dessie City Administration. Questionnaire-based interviews with school principals and record reviews supplemented by physical observation were used to collect the necessary data. Descriptive statistics was used to present the findings.Results: The overall latrine to school population ratio was (1:64), which was about twice less than the recommended one. The ratio for female students was significantly lower than that for males. The access to drinking water facilities (water taps) and hand washing facilities were very much limited to the extent not conforming to the standard. The presence of school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene committee and clubs was unheard.Conclusion: The inadequate sanitation facility in schools poses a health risk that would impact students’ potential to attend education. Hence, a coordinated effort among all concerned school to safeguard the school environment should be considered as one part of the path for reaching the MDG goals with respect to at least sanitation

Assessment of the impact of latrine utilization on diarrhoeal diseases in the rural community of Hulet Ejju Enessie Woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region

Background: The construction of latrine is a relatively simple technology that is used to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. While household access is important, community sanitation coverage is even more important to improve health through the regular use of well-maintained sanitation facilities.Objective: Assessing the impact of latrine utilization on diarrhoeal diseases in the rural community in the district of Hulet Ejju Enessie Woreda, East Gojam.Method: A community based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a randomly selected 824 households that had 90% latrine coverage at the time data collection in 2006. A structured and pre-tested questionnaire complemented with observation was used to collect data. The study area is found in one of the districts of East Gojjam where the health services extension program was actively underway. Trained data collectors and supervisors were involved in the study. Data entry and cleaning was done using EPI INFO 6.04d, while SPSS version 11 was used for data analysis.Results: Most (61%) households with traditional pit latrines had latrine utilization. In a bivaraite analysis, the extent of latrine utilization was significantly associated with presence of primary or secondary school children in the house [AOR: 1.47, 95% CI: (1.04-2.06)], perceived reasons for latrine construction [AOR: 2.89, 95% CI: (1.24-6.72)] and learning from neighborhoods [AOR: 10.07, 95% CI: (1.97-51.56)], ecology of ‘Kolla’ [AOR: 0.47, 95% CI: (0.29-0.74) and ‘Woyna-Dega’ [AOR: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.38-0.81), and owning latrines for >2 years [AOR: 2.13, 95% CI: (1.57-2.89)]. The occurrence of childhood diarrhoea was not statistically associated with the extent of latrine utilization [AOR: 0.63, 95% CI: (0.22-1.81)]; however, only owning latrines for >2 years remained significant in a multivariate analysis [AOR: 0.28, 95% CI: (0.12-0.66)]. Conclusion: Utilization of latrine facilities was common among the majority of households. The duration of having latrines had impacted the occurrence of childhood diarrhea. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2010;24(2);110-118

Assessment of health hazards and associated factors among the returned migrants living at Bati Woreda, Oromia Zone, Amhara National Regional State

Background: Migration is a demographic event which serves as a coping mechanism of poverty alleviation in developing countries, including Ethiopia. The living condition of migrants in economically attractive countries, however, is having a devastating effect. The health risk of Ethiopian migrants to neighboring countries is not well documented.Objective: This study aimed to assess hazards and associated factors among returned migrants living at Bati Woreda, Amhara National Regional State.Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey with a sample size of 390 returnees was made in five kebeles of the woreda using a structured questionnaire in April 2011. Health hazard was defined as a health outcome that occurred during the process of migration involving travelling, staying in the destination, or getting back home. The quantitative data was entered and cleaned using Epi Info Version 3.5.1. Descriptive statistics was performed to present socio-demographic data. Multivariate logistics regression analysis using AOR with 95% CI was used to assess the relative importance of associated factors. The qualitative data was collected using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews using semi-structured question guide. Open Code Version 3.4 was used to select codes, categories and themes for the qualitative data using the thematic analysis.Results: The overall magnitude of health hazards was 41%: diarrhea 31.6% and malaria 10.5% were the leading acute illnesses. After controlling the possible confounders in binary multivariate logistic regression, push factors related to age ≥35 years [AOR (95%CI) =3.48 (1.73,7.02)], the ability to read and write in educational status [AOR (95%CI) = 2.49 (1.17,5.30)], being jobless and a housewife [AOR (95%CI) = 2.17(1.29,3.64)] and AOR (95%CI) =5.28 (2.17,12.83)], respectively, and presence of better employment opportunities and living conditions as a pull factors [AOR (95%CI) = 8.61(3.16,23.47) and [AOR (95%CI) = 6.35 (1.89,21.36)], respectively, were determinants of health hazards.Conclusion: Migrants were highly exposed to health hazards because of the illegal routes of the movement. Socio-economic variables with respect to age, education and unemployment were predictors of the migration phenomenon. Providing safety protection from potential health hazards before leaving the country, proper social and psychological rehabilitation of returnees is recommended