Friedmann model with viscous cosmology in modified f(R,T)f(R,T) gravity theory

In this paper, we introduce bulk viscosity in the formalism of modified gravity theory in which the gravitational action contains a general function $f(R,T)$, where $R$ and $T$ denote the curvature scalar and the trace of the energy-momentum tensor, respectively within the framework of a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model. As an equation of state for prefect fluid, we take $p=(\gamma-1)\rho$, where $0 \leq \gamma \leq 2$ and viscous term as a bulk viscosity due to isotropic model, of the form $\zeta =\zeta_{0}+\zeta_{1}H$, where $\zeta_{0}$ and $\zeta_{1}$ are constants, and $H$ is the Hubble parameter. The exact non-singular solutions to the corresponding field equations are obtained with non- viscous and viscous fluids, respectively by assuming a simplest particular model of the form of $f(R,T) = R+2f(T)$, where $f(T)=\alpha T$ ( $\alpha$ is a constant). A big-rip singularity is also observed for $\gamma<0$ at a finite value of cosmic time under certain constraints. We study all possible scenarios with the possible positive and negative ranges of $\alpha$ to analyze the expansion history of the universe. It is observed that the universe accelerates or exhibits transition from decelerated phase to accelerated phase under certain constraints of $\zeta_0$ and $\zeta_1$. We compare the viscous models with the non-viscous one through the graph plotted between scale factor and cosmic time and find that bulk viscosity plays the major role in the expansion of the universe. A similar graph is plotted for deceleration parameter with non-viscous and viscous fluids and find a transition from decelerated to accelerated phase with some form of bulk viscosity.Comment: 19 pages, 3 figures, the whole paper has been revised to improve the quality of paper. Some references added. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1307.4262 by other author

Design of Compact MIMO Antenna for 5G/Ultra-Wideband Communications

In this contribution, a compact 13 GHz notched band Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna is accessible for Ultra-Wide Band/broadband communication in metric linear unit wave band. The antenna structure has been designed on one substrate of FR-4 of thickness 1.6 mm.Two symmetrical microstrip patch antenna elements positioned in vertical direction to realised better diversity performance.The antenna elements are made up of a rectangular patch with microstrip feed line, operatingon the frequency of 28 GHz for Ultra-wide band applications. The result of designed structure has been computed numerical by FEM based solver HFSS v 13. Fromthe simulation results, it is clear that the proposed MIMO antenna structure covers 24.048 GHz to 37.04 GHzwith impedance bandwidth of 13 GHz (S11 better than -10dB) and also the isolation is found better than -20 dB in full wideband application. The gain of proposed MIMO antennadesigned structure has found approximately 2.11 dB

Response surface methodology based optimization of cadmium and lead remediation from aqueous solution by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) and its anatomical study

This experiment was performed to optimize the response surface methodology (RSM) based reduction of cadmium (Cd2+) and lead (Pb2+) from the aqueous solution and to study anatomical effects of Cd2+&nbsp;and Pb2+&nbsp;stress on stomata of water hyacinth (Eichhornia&nbsp;crassipes&nbsp;[Mart.] Solms) during phytoremediation. Laboratory experiments were carried out to grow&nbsp;E. crassipes&nbsp;plants in six treatments of Cd2+&nbsp;and Pb2+&nbsp;viz., 0 mgL-1&nbsp;(Control), 2 mgL-1, 4 mgL-1, 6 mgL-1, 8 mgL-1&nbsp;and 10 mgL-1&nbsp;in 25 liter capacity glass aquariums. A 2-factor central composite design (CCD) with total 25 experimental runs and the predictor regression model equation was applied to optimize the prime conditions for the Cd2+&nbsp;and Pb2+&nbsp;reduction. Different plant growth attributes&nbsp;viz., translocation factor; kinetic plant growth rate, fresh plant biomass and total chlorophyll content were also found highest up to 4 mgL-1&nbsp;concentration of Cd2+&nbsp;and Pb2+. Structural damage in the stomata of&nbsp;E. crassipes&nbsp;was evaluated under microscopic view and found that above 4 mgL-1&nbsp;concentration of Cd2+&nbsp;and Pb2+&nbsp;in the medium, significant structural damage to the stomata of leaves of the&nbsp;E. crassipes&nbsp;occurred. The results of this study concluded that&nbsp;E. crassipes&nbsp;can remediate Cd2+&nbsp;and Pb2+&nbsp;from the medium more efficiently at 1.22 mgL-1&nbsp;concentration and the developed model can be used to navigate the design space. Furthermore, the different plant growth attributes were also affected above 4 mgL-1&nbsp;concentration of Cd2+&nbsp;and Pb2+&nbsp;in the medium

Cross-layer Based MANET Performance Optimization for Different Traffic and Mobility Scenario

The self configuring dexterous autonomy of MANET imposes some network challenges constrained to traditional dynamic routing behaviour. So as working with different mobility and traffic patterns with normal management schemes may lead some minor pitfalls to some important network performance parameters and hence can degrade the whole network performance. Here,  Our aim is to make some DSR and MAC based cross layer optimizations and testify it on different mobility and traffic scenarios so as to justify the robustness of our proposed improvement. Keywords— Cross- Layer, DSR, MAC, MANET, Optimizatio

Quality of Service Optimization in Realm of Green Monitoring using Broad Area Sensor Network (BASN)

A Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) contains short range energy limited terminals/nodes in which multiple nodes participates one by one to transfer data from source node to Base station. Each node appends some amount of delay which degrades the network performance as the jittered behaviour of network may not be allowed in some applications. Again the faulty nature of tandem nodes may create some severe routing scenarios.  Concept of Broad Area Sensor Network (BASN) incorporates a real time communication between sensor node and Base station, which helps to optimize the Quality of Service (QoS). Our goal is to do extensive simulation on performance analysis of such sensor networks and its optimization. Keywords -  WSN ,energy limited terminals, jitter, Quality of service(QoS

Adding benefits to phytoremediation of sugar mill effluent by growing water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): Evaluation of biomass for biogas production

In this experiment, we assessed the phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for pollutants removal from sugar mill effluent amended at different concentrations and further biogas production from its grown biomass co-digested with cow dung in a laboratory scale anaerobic digester. The results showed that the maximum values of kinetic growth rate (2.56gg-1d-1), total chlorophyll content (4.10±0.10mg/gfwt.) and fresh plant biomass (393.87±4.67g/Kg) of&nbsp;E. crassipes&nbsp;were achieved in 75% concentration of sugar mill effluent after 60 days of phytoremediation experiments.&nbsp;Also, the enrichment factor (Ef) and bioaccumulation factor (Bf) of heavy metals were greater than or equal to 1 in the roots and leaves of&nbsp;E. crassipes&nbsp;which indicated efficient elimination of these metals from the sugar mill effluent. Significant values of cumulative biogas production (5195 ml) and predicted by modified Gompertz kinetic model (5238.71 ml) were found after 15 days of anaerobic digestion at 40°C with maximum reduction of COD (83.11%) of the substrate slurry. The plot of log(COD)&nbsp;vs.&nbsp;t (HRT) suggested good fitness of first order kinetic equation (R2= 0.9746) for reduction of co-substrate COD. The different kinetic parameters of COD reduction for biogas production&nbsp;viz.,&nbsp;a,&nbsp;xc and&nbsp;k&nbsp;were noted as 6096.12, 7.73 and 0.26, with R2&nbsp;value of 0.99, respectively. The findings of this study concluded that&nbsp;E. crassipes&nbsp;can be used for the phytoremediation of heavy metals and other pollutants most efficiently in 75% concentration of the sugar mill effluent. Additionally, the biomass of&nbsp;E. crassipes grown during phytoremediation can be used for enhanced biogas production

Body Sensor Network: A Modern Survey & Performance Study in Medical Perspect

As because of modern emerging technologies, low power integrated circuits and wireless communication has enabled a new generation of sensors network. The incorporation of these sensors networks in Health care is very popular and plays a vital role in breath breaking situations. The deployment of monitoring hardware incorporated with various wireless standards plays a key role in regard to interoperability, invasion privacy, sensors validation data consistency and interference related issues. The goal of our paper is to make a comparative study in realm of modern wireless trends such as Bluetooth, Wi-fi, Zigbee and Wibree and related facets. Index Terms– Wireless Body area network, Zigbee, Wi-fi, Bluetooot

“Institutional design for decentralisation needs to move away from a solely normative approach to appreciate the political” – Satyajit Singh

As governments across the globe experiment with decentralisation, Professor Satyajit Singh has written The Local in Governance: Politics, Decentralization and Environment, a book which explores this shift in India. Ahead of the publication next month, he spoke to Pankaj Kumar Jha about the existing literature on decentralisation and how he hopes his new work will impact policymaking

The laforin-malin complex negatively regulates glycogen synthesis by modulating cellular glucose uptake via glucose transporters

Lafora disease (LD), an inherited and fatal neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by increased cellular glycogen content and the formation of abnormally branched glycogen inclusions, called Lafora bodies, in the affected tissues, including neurons. Therefore, laforin phosphatase and malin ubiquitin E3 ligase, the two proteins that are defective in LD, are thought to regulate glycogen synthesis through an unknown mechanism, the defects in which are likely to underlie some of the symptoms of LD. We show here that laforin's subcellular localization is dependent on the cellular glycogen content and that the stability of laforin is determined by the cellular ATP level, the activity of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase, and the affinity of malin toward laforin. By using cell and animal models, we further show that the laforin-malin complex regulates cellular glucose uptake by modulating the subcellular localization of glucose transporters; loss of malin or laforin resulted in an increased abundance of glucose transporters in the plasma membrane and therefore excessive glucose uptake. Loss of laforin or malin, however, did not affect glycogen catabolism. Thus, the excessive cellular glucose level appears to be the primary trigger for the abnormally higher levels of cellular glycogen seen in LD