Construction of An Adult Equivalence Index to Measure Intra-household Inequality and Poverty: Case Study

More often than not, poverty and inequality measures are based on consumption expenditures of households but this does not represent the welfare of the individuals within the household and hence concern has been raised on policy formulation (Haddad and Kanbur 1990). The strong assumption for such data use has been that resources within a household are divided according to need but a growing body of literature has argued that this is not true and that consumption inequality exists within households (Sen 1984, Thomas 1990, Phipps and Burton 1995, Iversen 2003). These studies have shown that certain social configurations such as discriminations or norms against women, the earning capacity of individuals and power structure within the households (traditionally assigned or acquired through earnings) are causes of inequality within the household. When deprivations within the household are not accounted for and if these are aggregated for the whole population, the underestimation of inequality and poverty could be significant and result in gross policy neglect.

Genetic variation of CYP3A and its influence on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor

Background: Tacrolimus (Tac) a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), is a potent immunosuppressive drug which is widely used in organ transplant recipients. The drug has a narrow therapeutic window and high inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability. Tac is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes. The CYP3A5 activity is largely determined by the single nucleotide variant (SNV) CYP3A5*3 (c.219-237A>G; rs776746), which results in alternate mRNA splicing and a non-functional protein.Methods: An observational prospective study was carried out at nephrology centre of army hospital where the consenting patients were enrolled in the study. The whole blood sample drawn was utilized to analyze for plasma drug concentration of Tac and genotyping for the CYP3A*5 polymorphism by the method as described by Cheung et al.Results: 100 patients participated with an average of 98±8 days after transplantation. Recipients having heterozygous CYP3A5*1 genotype manifested 70% lower mean steady state concentration of Tac (C0/D ratio) 1.67±0.43 μg*l-1/mg in comparison to homozygote carriers of CYP3A5*3 5.60±1.94 μg*l-1/mg p<0.001.Conclusions: Study suggested that Indian sub population closely mimics Caucasian population in terms of genotype expression for CYP3A5*3, who are expressing a non-functional enzyme for metabolism. Also, this study reinforces that population genotype CYP3A5*1 is significantly associated with lower C0/D ratio for Tac than the ones expressing homozygous CYP3A5*3 genotype. It also established the importance of pre-transplant genotyping, for better individualization of Tac doses. Further studies are suggested for population pharmacokinetic modelling study in future to derive starting dosage of Tac based on profiling of CYP3 genetics in recipients

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR DETECTING FRAUDULENT TRANSACTIONS THROUGH PAYMENT CARD

The aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method (500) and a system (122) for detecting fraudulent transactions through payment card (102). The method (500) initiates with collecting and storing a set of data associated with card holding patterns of a card holder (106) using a smart chip (202) of the payment card (102). The set of data is transmitted from a smart chip (202) to a POS terminal (110) and forwarded to a payment processor (112). The payment processor (112) compares the set of data with historical data to identify a change in the card holding pattern when the payment card (102) is presented at the POS terminal (110)

Electronic Structure of Sr_2FeMoO_6

We have analysed the unusual electronic structure of Sr_2FeMoO_6 combining ab-initio and model Hamiltonian approaches. Our results indicate that there are strong enhancements of the intraatomic exchange strength at the Mo site as well as the antiferromagnetic coupling strength between Fe and Mo sites. We discuss the possibility of a negative effective Coulomb correlation strength (U_{eff}) at the Mo site due to these renormalised interaction strengths.Comment: To appear in Phys. Rev. Let

Synthesis of New Benzocoumaryl Oxadiazolyls as Strong Blue-Green Fluorescent Brighteners

The benzocoumarin-3-ethylcarboxylate 2 on treatment with hydrazine hydrate at room temperature afforded benzocoumarin-3-carbohydrazide 3. The compound 3 served as key intermediate in the synthesis of the title compounds. Thus, benzocoumarin-1,3,4-oxadiazolyls 6a–e were obtained in two ways, i.e. one by direct cyclization of benzocoumarin-3- carbohydrazide 3 with substituted benzoic acids in POCl3 and the other by cyclization of Schiff bases of compounds 5a–e in the presence of bromine/ acetic acid. The structures of the novel benzocoumaryl oxadiazolyls 6a–e were confirmed by spectral analysis. The benzocoumarin-1,3,4-oxadiazolyls 6a–e exhibited strong blue and green fluorescent properties. The Stoke’s shifts range from 43 to 165 nm. The absorption and fluorescence maxima of the benzocoumaryl oxadiazolyls showed good bathochromic shifts.Keywords: Benzocoumarin-3-ethylcarboxylate, benzocoumaryl oxadiazolyls, fluorescent brightener

DynaMITe: Dynamic Query Bootstrapping for Multi-object Interactive Segmentation Transformer

Most state-of-the-art instance segmentation methods rely on large amounts of pixel-precise ground-truth annotations for training, which are expensive to create. Interactive segmentation networks help generate such annotations based on an image and the corresponding user interactions such as clicks. Existing methods for this task can only process a single instance at a time and each user interaction requires a full forward pass through the entire deep network. We introduce a more efficient approach, called DynaMITe, in which we represent user interactions as spatio-temporal queries to a Transformer decoder with a potential to segment multiple object instances in a single iteration. Our architecture also alleviates any need to re-compute image features during refinement, and requires fewer interactions for segmenting multiple instances in a single image when compared to other methods. DynaMITe achieves state-of-the-art results on multiple existing interactive segmentation benchmarks, and also on the new multi-instance benchmark that we propose in this paper

Clinicopathological representation of nonmetastatic Ewing sarcoma of the scapula - a case study

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a rare type of small cell tumor of the bone and soft tissues. About 50% of ES arise in the femur and pelvis. We present a case of ES of the scapula in a seven year old female child. Because of its similarity with other small cell tumors, the diagnosis of ES is challenging and requires a combination of methods like CT scan, MRI report, histopathological evaluation and IHC, etc. The MRI report of our case has shown a consistent 5×4 cm3 mass on the left scapula. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy of the tumor has been further analyzed. Small, round and oval cells with densely packed nuclei and scanty cytoplasm, which are characteristic to ES were observed microscopically. A positive reaction to vimentin and CD99 and negative result for the biomarkers meant for other types of tumors, favours the diagnosis of ES. The chromosomes analyzed from the peripheral blood of the patient have shown a normal karyotype. Early diagnosis of ES is very crucial for treatment. Histopathology and IHC are indispensible tools in the diagnosis of ES