Modified LMS Adaptive Algorithm for the determination of Maximum SNR using Self-Adaptation Technique of Noise Factor for Communication System

The most often used adaptive filter (AF) is the least-mean-square (LMS) filter. This filter has many applications in the area of communication and signal processing. System identification represents a significant use case for adaptive filters. This paper represents a new structure/model of system identification and adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) using state-of-the-art LMS-AF. The paper expressed the algorithm of updated LMS-AF. The major parts of the proposed model are- two adaptive filters, one LMS filter, one correlation function, and one auto-correlation function. The research investigation for the proposed model is based on the self-adaptation or self-learning method to obtain the maximum signal to noise ratio (SNR) based on the real-time inputs. The proposed structure/model converges towards the ideal LMS-ANC system. This paper also includes mathematical analysis, simulation, results, and discussion. The most important comparison parameters are the SNR and mean-square-error (MSE)

Impact of Different Layer Housing Systems on Eggshell Cuticle Quality and Salmonella Adherence in Table Eggs

The bacterial load on the eggshell surface is a key factor in predicting the bacterial penetration and contamination of the egg interior. The eggshell cuticle is the first line of defense against vertical penetration by microbial food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis. Egg producers are increasingly introducing alternative caging systems into their production chain as animal welfare concerns become of greater relevance to today’s consumer. Stress that is introduced by hen aggression and modified nesting behavior in furnished cages can alter the physiology of egg formation and affect the cuticle deposition/quality. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of caging systems (conventional, enriched, free-run, and free-range), on eggshell cuticle parameters and the eggshell bacterial load. The cuticle plug thickness and pore length were higher in the free-range eggs as compared to conventional eggs. The eggshells from alternative caging (enriched and free-range) had a higher total cuticle as compared to conventional cages. A reduction in bacterial cell counts was observed on eggshells that were obtained from free-range eggs as compared to the enriched systems. An inverse correlation between the contact angle and Salmonella adherence was observed. These results indicate that the housing systems of layer hens can modify the cuticle quality and thereby impact bacterial adherence and food safety.Egg Farmers of Canada (EFC) grant number: 551562, Livestock Research Innovation Corporation (LRIC) grant number 570593PID2020- 116660GB-I00, RNM-938 group (Junta de Andalucía)UCE PP 2016.05 (Universidad de Granada

Properties, genetics and innate immune function of the cuticle in egg-laying species

International audienceCleidoic eggs possess very efficient and orchestrated systems to protect the embryo from external microbes until hatch. The cuticle is a proteinaceous layer on the shell surface in many bird and some reptile species. An intact cuticle forms a pore plug to occlude respiratory pores and is an effective physical and chemical barrier against microbial penetration. The interior of the egg is assumed to be normally sterile, while the outer eggshell cuticle hosts microbes. The diversity of the eggshell microbiome is derived from both maternal microbiota and those of the nesting environment. The surface characteristics of the egg, outer moisture layer and the presence of antimicrobial molecules composing the cuticle dictate constituents of the microbial communities on the eggshell surface. The avian cuticle affects eggshell wettability, water vapor conductance and regulates ultraviolet reflectance in various ground-nesting species; moreover, its composition, thickness and degree of coverage are dependent on species, hen age, and physiological stressors. Studies in domestic avian species have demonstrated that changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of eggs with respect to the risk of contamination by bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli . Moreover, preventing contamination of internal egg components is crucial to optimize hatching success in bird species. In chickens there is moderate heritability (38%) of cuticle deposition with a potential for genetic improvement. However, much less is known about other bird or reptile cuticles. This review synthesizes current knowledge of eggshell cuticle and provides insight into its evolution in the clade reptilia. The origin, composition and regulation of the eggshell microbiome and the potential function of the cuticle as the first barrier of egg defense are discussed in detail. We evaluate how changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of table eggs and vertical transmission of pathogens in the production chain with respect to the risk of contamination. Thus, this review provides insight into the physiological and microbiological characteristics of eggshell cuticle in relation to its protective function (innate immunity) in egg-laying birds and reptiles

Properties, Genetics and Innate Immune Function of the Cuticle in Egg-Laying Species

The authors would like to thank Jianqun Wang from the Nano Imaging Facility at Carleton University for help with energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. LD’A would like to thank grant support by FWO-G0A7921N. AR research was funded by PID2020-116660GB-I00, RNM-938 group (Junta de Andalucı́a) and UCE PP 2016.05 (Universidad de Granada). MH and SR-G thank “LE STUDIUM Institute for advanced studies—Loire Valley” for supporting the residency of MH at DOVE, BOA, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, France. Salary support for GK was provided by a MITACS Accelerate Fellowship (Application Ref. IT13653/Funding Request Ref. FR35012). We are thankful to Dr. Vincent Guyonnet for his insight on global egg washing regulations.FUNDING This work was supported by funding from the Egg Farmers of Canada (EFC), Livestock Research Innovation Corporation (LRIC) and Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC, Discovery program RGPIN-2016- 04410) to MH. ID was funded by the BBSRC, Lohmann Tierzucht and Aviagen through the BBSRC LINK grants BB/ K0070921/1 and BB/K006096/1 ‘Cute-Egg’. The Roslin Institute is funded by a BBSRC Institute strategic program grant BB/ P013759/1.Cleidoic eggs possess very efficient and orchestrated systems to protect the embryo from external microbes until hatch. The cuticle is a proteinaceous layer on the shell surface in many bird and some reptile species. An intact cuticle forms a pore plug to occlude respiratory pores and is an effective physical and chemical barrier against microbial penetration. The interior of the egg is assumed to be normally sterile, while the outer eggshell cuticle hosts microbes. The diversity of the eggshell microbiome is derived from both maternal microbiota and those of the nesting environment. The surface characteristics of the egg, outer moisture layer and the presence of antimicrobial molecules composing the cuticle dictate constituents of the microbial communities on the eggshell surface. The avian cuticle affects eggshell wettability, water vapor conductance and regulates ultraviolet reflectance in various ground-nesting species; moreover, its composition, thickness and degree of coverage are dependent on species, hen age, and physiological stressors. Studies in domestic avian species have demonstrated that changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of eggs with respect to the risk of contamination by bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Moreover, preventing contamination of internal egg components is crucial to optimize hatching success in bird species. In chickens there is moderate heritability (38%) of cuticle deposition with a potential for genetic improvement. However, much less is known about other bird or reptile cuticles. This review synthesizes current knowledge of eggshell cuticle and provides insight into its evolution in the clade reptilia. The origin, composition and regulation of the eggshell microbiome and the potential function of the cuticle as the first barrier of egg defense are discussed in detail. We evaluate how changes in the cuticle affect the food safety of table eggs and vertical transmission of pathogens in the production chain with respect to the risk of contamination. Thus, this review provides insight into the physiological and microbiological characteristics of eggshell cuticle in relation to its protective function (innate immunity) in egg-laying birds and reptiles.BOAINRAE Centre Val de LoireLivestock Research Innovation CorporationEgg Farmers of CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada RGPIN-2016-04410Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/K006096/1, BB/K0070921/1, BB/P013759/1 BBSRCMitacs FR35012Universidad de GranadaJunta de Andalucía UCE PP 2016.0

A Review of the Varied Uses of Macroalgae as Dietary Supplements in Selected Poultry with Special Reference to Laying Hen and Broiler Chickens

Seaweeds comprise ca. 12,000 species. Global annual harvest is ca. 30.13 million metric tonnes, (valued ca. $11.7 billion USD in 2016) for various commercial applications. The growing scope of seaweed-based applications in food, agricultural fertilizers, animal feed additives, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care is expected to boost market demand. Agriculture and animal feed applications held the second largest seaweed market share in 2017, and the combined market is anticipated to reach much higher values by 2024 due to the impacts of current research and development targeting enhanced animal health and productivity. In general, seaweeds have been utilized in animal feed as a rich source of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins and dietary fibers with relatively well-balanced amino acid profiles and a unique blend of bioactive compounds. Worldwide, the animal nutrition market is largely driven by rising demand for poultry feeds, which represents ca. 47% of the total consumption for all animal nutrition. This review provides an overview of the utilization of specific seaweeds as sustainable feed sources for poultry production, including a detailed survey of seaweed-supplemented diets on growth, performance, gastrointestinal flora, disease, immunity and overall health of laying/broiler hens. Anti-microbial effects of seaweeds are also discussed

Antimicrobial Effects of Selected, Cultivated Red Seaweeds and Their Components in Combination with Tetracycline, against Poultry Pathogen Salmonella Enteritidis

Poultry and its products are an economical source of high-quality protein for human consumption. In animal agriculture, antibiotics are used as therapeutic agents to treat disease in livestock, or as prophylactics to prevent disease and in so doing enhance production. However, the extensive use of antibiotics in livestock husbandry has come at the cost of increasingly drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. This highlights an urgent need to find effective alternatives to be used to treat infections, particularly in poultry and especially caused by drug-resistant Salmonella strains. In this study, we describe the combined effect of extracts of the red seaweeds Chondrus crispus (CC) and Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii (SG) and compounds isolated from these in combinations with industry standard antibiotics (i.e., tetracycline and streptomycin) against Salmonella Enteritidis. Streptomycin exhibited the higher antimicrobial activity against S. Enteritidis, as compared to tetracycline with a MIC25 and MIC50 of 1.00 and 1.63 μg/mL, respectively. The addition of a water extract of CC at a concentration of 200 µg/mL in addition to tetracycline significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity (log CFU/mL 4.7 and 4.5 at MIC25 and MIC50, respectively). SG water extract, at 400 and 800 µg/mL (p = 0.05, n = 9), also in combination with tetracycline, showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Combinations of floridoside (a purified red seaweed component) and tetracycline (MIC25 and MIC50) in vitro revealed that only the lower concentration (i.e., 15 μg/mL) of floridoside potentiated the activity of tetracycline. Sub-lethal concentrations of tetracycline (MIC50 and MIC25), in combination with floridoside, exhibited antimicrobial activities that were comparable to full-strength tetracycline (23 μg/mL). Furthermore, the relative transcript levels of efflux-related genes of S. Enteritidis, namely marA, arcB and ramA, were significantly repressed by the combined treatment of floridoside and tetracycline, as compared to control MIC treatments (MIC25 and MIC50). Taken together, these findings demonstrated that the red seaweeds CC and SG and their selected, purified components can be used to increase the lifetime of existing, patented antibiotics and can also help to reduce costly (economic and environmental) therapeutic and prophylactic use of antibiotics in poultry. To our knowledge, this is the first report of antibiotic potentiation of existing industry standard antibiotics using red seaweeds and their selected extracts against S. Enteritidis

An enzymatic extract of the proliferative red seaweed Solieria chordalis reduces the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and stimulates the immune system of Caenorhabditis elegans

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Enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactive material from Chondrus crispus and Codium fragile and its effect on herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)

International audienceCodium fragile and Chondrus crispus are, respectively, green and red seaweeds which are abundant along the North Atlantic coasts. We investigated the chemical composition and antiviral activity of enzymatic extracts of C. fragile (CF) and C. crispus (CC). On a dry weight basis, CF consisted of 11% protein, 31% neutral sugars, 0.8% sulfate, 0.6% uronic acids, and 49% ash, while CC contained 27% protein, 28% neutral sugars, 17% sulfate, 1.8% uronic acids, and 25% ash. Enzyme-assisted hydrolysis improved the extraction efficiency of bioactive materials. Commercial proteases and carbohydrases significantly improved (p ≤ 0.001) biomass yield (40%–70% dry matter) as compared to aqueous extraction (20%–25% dry matter). Moreover, enzymatic hydrolysis enhanced the recovery of protein, neutral sugars, uronic acids, and sulfates. The enzymatic hydrolysates exhibited significant activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) with EC50 of 77.6–126.8 μg/mL for CC and 36.5–41.3 μg/mL for CF, at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001 ID50/cells without cytotoxity (1–200 μg/mL). The extracts obtained from proteases (P1) and carbohydrases (C3) were also effective at higher virus MOI of 0.01 ID50/cells without cytotoxity. Taken together, these results indicate the potential application of enzymatic hydrolysates of C. fragile and C. crispus in functional food and antiviral drug discovery