Correlation of Curtis and Gullett equation for viscosity of non-Newtonian suspensions and Franks and Rinaldi equation for heat transfer coefficients

Curtis and Gullett (7) developed an equation correlating the effect of velocity, concentration and particle size on apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian water slurries. μ/μw=1.02(AK/GC).105 The object of this paper was to determine the validity of using the viscosity, as determined by the Curtis-GulLett (7) equation, in predicting the heat transfer coefficient of non-Newtonian fluids, where the suspending medium is something other than pure water . The authors used various concentrations of sugar solutions as the dispersion medium, for the slurries. A dimensionless equation resembling the flittusBoelter equation with modified exponents and additional dimensionless groups has been developed by J.J. Salamone (14): HD/Kf=.131(DVbPb/ μb).62(Cs/Cf).35(Cfμb/Kf).72(D/Ds).05(Ks/Kf).05 Franks and Rinaldi (8) found the magnitude of the exponents to be as follows: HD/Kf=.0138(DVbPb/ μb).8(Cs/Cf).42(Cfμb/Kf).79(D/Ds).106(Ks/Kf).05 Experimentally determined heat transfer coefficients deviated from the values calculated by the Franks and Rinaldi (8) equation by 16%. This is what was expected, since the Curtis and Gullett (7) equation is accurate to 14.4%, the authors of this paper feel this equation may be used to obtain the viscosity of a slurry in predicting the magnitude of the heat transfer coefficient. The authors feel that a sufficient amount of experimental data has been obtained in determining the validity of the Franks and Rinaldi(8) equation for predicting heat transfer coefficients of\u27 non-newtonian fluids, but additional work of a statistical nature is recommended in re-evaluating the exponents of the Franks and Rinaldi(S) equation. in the light of all available data. Closer agreement between experimental and calculated values for heat transfer coefficients would result

Five Sided

Sada Kernodle: There are seven billion people existing on this earth. That’s seven billion unique and complex minds viewing our natural world. My work includes images of organic life with the physical world. Through this, I hope to inspire those billions of minds to create, explore, and gradually heal through the process of making art. The combination of the human mind, body, and spirit with nature in its rawest form, has the ability to create powerful art pieces. This is the new global footprint for the world. Elliecia Hall: My art is about balance and imbalance. It’s both light and dark. I take dark themes and present them through a feminine and colorful lens. Feminine things are often perceived as innocent and naive, but I’ve never felt that to be true to my experience. I use art to articulate myself more fully; to bring life to the anger in my heart as much as the joy in my soul. Dreams and nightmares have had such an effect on my life. Most of my earliest memories have been of my sleeping world. And while my world is affected so strongly by the darkness of sleep, I see the world in vibrant color, and look to paint my illustrations in the same way I see everything around me. Josh Kukowski: I am an artist with his mind in the future. I find myself obsessed with the unknown that the future holds. My work should evoke the sense of wonder and motivation that is felt when we sent the first man to space and the first man to the moon. I create scenes with visual and textual reality, so others join me, invited into the world and experience the wonder yet unknown. My work focuses on scale and the scale of humans to their creations that already is and could be in the future. I want people to view my work and find themselves swept from the pres¬ent, where many seem to be stuck, and into my future. Kaitlynn Moslen: Watercolor has been my medium of choice for years because of its ability to slowly build the scene with con¬trolled washes of color. The gossamer layers of watercolor have an enchanting effect translating the narratives I explore. Dreams often reflect my emotional state in subtle, surreal ways. I consider the symbols and incon¬gruities in my dreams and I often arrive at revelations or find solutions to problems. My dreams operate with insight at a level beyond what I have in the waking world. These are translated into my artwork through the expression of a human figure along with symbolic aspects of the natural world. This usually includes serene bodies of water, trees and foliage found in unexpected places, and docile forest animals. Sarah Walden: Ever since I was a little girl my mother inspired me in the gardens with her flowers. It is in the gardens that I found my inspiration for art. Working in the garden is inspiring to me. I want to be a part of the process that points to the path of art. Illustrative images affects the influence of my viewers. I intend to express deep sublim¬inal images to spark creativity within my viewers lives, that will encourage them to work for a better future as well. The subliminal in my work deals with human emotions and experiences. Art can be used to heal and bring people together to make a change. A few people can be a big change. The mission for my art is to inspire others, so that I may inspire the rest of the world to save itself though creativity. Though the elements of art, expression is created, transferring knowledge from the artist to the viewer. Art is more than just materiality; it is the silent language of color and form that speaks to the consciousness of the audience

Modellbasierte Analyse des Stoffumsatzes von Mageren Flachland-Mähwiesen in Baden-Württemberg im Critical-Loads-Konzept

Critical Loads für eutrophierenden Stickstoff werden anhand der Simple-Mass-Balance (SMB) Methode berechnet und dienen etwa in FFH-Verträglichkeitsprüfungen dem Schutz empfindlicher Ökosysteme (Anhang I FFH-Richtlinie). Die auf Basis der SMB ermittelten standortspezifischen Spannen für Critical Loads sind auf Grund von Unsicherheiten sowohl in den Eingangsgrößen als auch in den empirisch regelbasierten Methoden zur Berechnung der einzelnen Summanden in der SMB wenig vertrauenswürdig. Im Rahmen des von der Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg (LUBW) koordinierten Forschungsprojektes „Analyse und Bewertung des Stickstoffhaushalts Baden-Württemberg (AG Critical Loads)“ soll deshalb die Schaffung einer Datenbasis für eine Weiterentwicklung der bisherigen Ansätze für den in Baden-Württemberg weit verbreiteten FFH-Lebensraumtyp 6510 „Magere Flachland-Mähwiesen“ erfolgen. Einen möglichen Weg hin zu belastbaren Abschätzverfahren für die Summanden der SMB-Formel stellen dynamische Simulationen der am N-Umsatz beteiligten Stoffflüsse mit Hilfe prozessbasierter Modelle dar. Ziel der vorgestellten Studie ist es, mit Hilfe des Modellpakets Expert-N standortspezifisch für ausgewählte Flachland-Mähwiesen die mehrjährigen Mittelwerte der Mineralisierung, Denitrifikation, Immobilisierung und Nitratauswaschung zu berechnen. Als experimentelle Datengrundlage für die Modellierung werden Feldmessungen zur Abschätzung des N-Umsatzes in Abhängigkeit von Standortbedingungen und Erhaltungszustand der Vegetation durchgeführt. Dazu wird auf 4 extensiv genutzten Grünlandflächen in FFH-Gebieten über 2 Jahre ein intensives Monitoring der Stickstoffflüsse im Boden sowie begleitende Messungen zur Bodenfeuchte, -temperatur und N-Deposition durchgeführt. Der Fokus liegt auf der in situ Quantifizierung der Bruttoraten des N-Umsatzes (Mineralisierung, Nitrifizierung) als wichtige Parameter für die Modellierung des N-Kreislaufs. Die aus der prozessbasierten Modellierung gewonnenen Mittelwerte werden mit den nach den derzeitigen SMB-Ansatz berechneten Ergebnissen verglichen und diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse der Studie werden so zur Entwicklung zuverlässigerer Berechnungsmethoden für Critical Loads in Baden-Württemberg beitragen. Auf dem Poster werden die methodischen Ansätze sowie erste Ergebnisse des Versuchs vorgestellt

Detection of bearing damage by statistic vibration analysis

The condition of bearings, which are essential components in mechanisms, is crucial to safety. The analysis of the bearing vibration signal, which is always contaminated by certain types of noise, is a very important standard for mechanical condition diagnosis of the bearing and mechanical failure phenomenon. In this paper the method of rolling bearing fault detection by statistical analysis of vibration is proposed to filter out Gaussian noise contained in a raw vibration signal. The results of experiments show that the vibration signal can be significantly enhanced by application of the proposed method. Besides, the proposed method is used to analyse real acoustic signals of a bearing with inner race and outer race faults, respectively. The values of attributes are determined according to the degree of the fault. The results confirm that the periods between the transients, which represent bearing fault characteristics, can be successfully detected

Reinterpretation of the effective elastic thickness in terms of Young\u2019s modulus variation applying the analytical solution for an Elastic Plate (ASEP) to the Barents Sea

We apply the analytical solution for an elastic plate (ASEP), which solves the 4th order differential equation for the flexure of a thin plate to the Barents Sea in order to calculate the flexural rigidity. To constrain our analysis we make use of a 3D density model based on the Barents50 model [Ritzmann et al. 2006]. The density model provides information about the crustal configuration, e.g. the Moho and the loading in the crust including all internal density variation. The loading in combination with the ASEP allows us to calculate the flexure Mohos, and by comparison with the reference Moho, the flexural rigidity distribution. The resulting flexural rigidity distributions will be used to validate tectonic concepts, e.g. the location of the proposed Caledonian suture. In the past the effective elastic thickness (EET) has been used synonymously for the flexural rigidity, since it was defined by the material parameters of Young's modulus and Poisson ratio, which were assumed to be constant. The application of the ASEP shows, that it is sufficient to operate with a constant value for the Poisson's ratio, as the variation does not lead to a significant change in the result. However, concerning the vertical and horizontal variation of crustal composition, which corresponds to a change of Young modulus by orders of magnitude - the use of a constant standard value in the calculation process is doubtful. For that reason the EET distribution was recalculated including the Young's modulus variation, which could be estimated by using the p- wave velocities of the Barents50 model. From the viewpoint of solid-state physics the elastic thickness concept should be reconceived. The EET corresponds theoretically to a thickness of a flexed plate, which consists of a material describable by a constant Young's modulus. Therefore the obtained EET distribution could be related to a Young's modulus variation, if the calculation was done with a constant assumed standard value. If the crust and the upper mantle have a non-uniform Young's modulus, the calculated flexural rigidity distribution is only valid for the crust but not for the lithosphere. These investigations ought to demonstrate the importance of the consideration of the Young's modulus variation in the EET calculation

Testing proposed mechanisms for seafloor weakening at the top of gas hydrate stability on an uplifted submarine ridge (Rock Garden), New Zealand

We evaluate different hypotheses concerning the formation of a peculiar, flat-topped ridge at Rock Garden, offshore of the North Island of New Zealand. The coincidence of the ridge bathymetry with the depth at which gas hydrate stability intersects the seafloor has been previously used to propose that processes at the top of gas hydrate stability may cause seafloor erosion, giving rise to the flat ridge morphology. Two mechanisms that lead to increased fluid pressure (and sediment weakening) have previously been proposed: (1) periodic formation (association) and dissociation of gas hydrates during seafloor temperature fluctuations; and (2) dissociation of gas hydrates at the base of gas hydrate stability during ridge uplift. We use numerical models to test these hypotheses, as well as to evaluate whether the ridge morphology can develop by tectonic deformation during subduction of a seamount, without any involvement from gas hydrates. We apply a commonly-used 1D approach to model gas hydrate formation and dissociation, and develop a 2D mechanical model to evaluate tectonic deformation. Our results indicate that: (1) Tectonics (subduction of a seamount) may cause a temporary flat ridge morphology to develop, but this evolves over time and is unlikely to provide the main explanation for the ridge morphology; (2) Where high methane flux overwhelms the anaerobic oxidation of methane via sulphate reduction near the seafloor, short-period temperature fluctuations (but on timescales of years, not months as proposed originally) in the bottom water can lead to periodic association and dissociation of a small percentage of gas hydrate in the top of the sediment column. However, the effect of this on sediment strength is likely to be small, as evidenced by the negligible change in computed effective pressure; (3) The most likely mechanism to cause sediment weakening, leading to seafloor erosion, results from the interaction of gas hydrate stability with tectonic uplift of the ridge, provided bulk permeability strongly decreases with increasing hydrate content. Rather than overpressure developing from dissociation of hydrates at the base of gas hydrate stability (as previously thought), we found that the weakening is caused by focusing of gas hydrate formation at shallow sediment levels. This creates large fluid pressures and can lead to negative effective pressures near the seafloor, reducing the sediment strength