Application of Computer Simulation to Study the Features of the Austenite Isothermal Transformation in Steels

An algorithm was developed for the simulation of a phase transition in solid state which makes it possible to obtain the kinetic curves of transformation under different initial conditions (the number and arrangement of new phase nuclei, the distance between the nearest nuclei). The simulation results were analyzed using the KolmogorovJohnson-Mehl-Avrami equation and the corresponding coefficients were determined. The correlation between the simulation results and the experimental kinetics of the austenite isothermal transformation in alloyed steels was shown.     Keywords: computer simulation; modeling; phase transformation; kinetics; KJMA equation; logistic function; steel

Нейровоспалительные, нейродегенеративные и структурные церебральные маркеры основных клинических вариантов постинсультных когнитивных нарушений в остром периоде ишемического инсульта

Background. Post-stroke cognitive impairment is a clinically heterogeneous condition, some types of which cannot be fully differentiated neuropsychologically that necessitates the active search for biomarkers. Aims: analyze parameters of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in combination with neuroimaging markers in patients with different types of post-stroke cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke.Materials and methods. In 72 patients we performed the assessment of cognitive status and distinguished 3 types: normal cognition, dysexecutive, and mixed cognitive impairment. In each group we determined the concentration of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IL-10) in liquor and serum, β-amyloid 1−40 in liquor and a number of MRI morphometric parameters and fractional anisotropy.Results. In all groups of patients we detected higher level ofIL-10 in serum compared with the control. Patients with dysexecutive cognitive impairment had higher concentration of IL-1β, IL-10 in liquor, IL-6 level in serum, lower fractional anisotropy of ipsilateral thalamus compared with patients with normal cognition and largest size of infarct. Patients with dysexecutive and mixed cognitive impairment had the higher area of leukoareosis and ventricular volume, reduced fractional anisotropy of contralateral cingulum compared with patients with normal cognition. Patients with mixed cognitive impairment characterized by lower fractional anisotropy of contralateral fronto-occipital fasciculus compared with patients with dysexecutive cognitive deficit.Conclusions. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cytokines studied in combination with MRI parameters particularly fractional anisotropy seems to be informative biomarkers of pathogenic types of PSCI.Обоснование. Постинсультные когнитивные нарушения представляют собой клинически гетерогенное состояние, отдельные варианты которого не могут быть полностью дифференцированы нейропсихологически, что обусловливает необходимость активного поиска биомаркеров.Цель исследования: проанализировать показатели нейровоспаления, нейродегенерации в сочетании с нейровизуализационными маркерами у пациентов с различными видами постинсультных когнитивных нарушений в остром периоде заболевания.Методы. У 72 пациентов проводилось определение когнитивного статуса с классификацией его на 3 варианта: нормальный когнитивный статус, дисрегуляторные и смешанные когнитивные нарушения. В каждой подгруппе определялись концентрации цитокинов (IL1β, IL6, TNFα, IL10) в ликворе и сыворотке, β-амилоида 1−40 в ликворе, а также измерялись ряд морфометрических показателей и фракционная анизотропия основных зон интереса. В группу контроля вошли 15 индивидов без цереброваскулярного заболевания.Результаты. Во всех подгруппах пациентов определялся более высокий уровень IL10 в сыворотке по сравнению с контролем. У пациентов с дисрегуляторными когнитивными нарушениями выявлены более высокий уровень IL1β и IL10 в ликворе, IL6 в сыворотке, а также более низкая фракционная анизотропия в зоне ипсилатерального таламуса по сравнению с пациентами без когнитивного дефицита и наибольший размер очага. У пациентов с дисрегуляторными и смешанными когнитивными нарушениями выявлены большая площадь лейкоареоза и объем желудочков, а также сниженная фракционная анизотропия в зоне контралатерального цингулярного пучка по сравнению с больными с нормальным когнитивным статусом. Пациенты со смешанными когнитивными нарушениями характеризовались более низкой фракционной анизотропией противоположного очагу нижнего фронтоокципитального пучка по сравнению с пациентами с дисрегуляторным познавательным дефицитом.Заключение. Сывороточные и ликворные концентрации изученных цитокинов в совокупности с магнитно-резонансными показателями, в частности фракционной анизотропией, представляются информативными маркерами патогенетических вариантов постинсультных когнитивных нарушений

New studies of bolgar ceramics: Historical and cultural approach

© 2020 Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, A.Kh. Khalikov Archaeology Institute. All rights reserved. The many years of history of the studies of Bolgar ceramics have resulted in the need for its division into subgroups in accordance with certain visually identified signs: design technology, color and relative plasticity of clay, presence of impurities in the dough, and firing degree. Over ten subgroups of common Bolgar group of ceramics were identified based on the materials from the excavations at Bolgar fortified settlement. Of particular interest is the ceramic material from layers VI (late 10th - first half of 11th centuries) and V (second half of 11th - early 13th centuries) in terms of the general stratigraphy of Bolgar fortified settlement, as it reflects the development of pottery in this area since the beginning of the establishment of the Volgar Bolgaria state. It should be noted that in the early layers a rather large portion of all group I ceramics is represented by subgroups with the signs of elongation of the hollow body on a circle. A total of 3 subgroups are distinguished in terms of quantity in the materials of VI, and 6 subgroups in layer V. The variety of the subgroups reflects the different approaches of Bolgar pottery craftsmen to the selection and preparation of clay raw materials, vessel construction techniques, surface treatment of the products, and firing modes. A small percentage of common Bolgar ceramics is composed of fragments of ware with signs of firing in a regenerative medium. The author suggests that this was home-crafted ceramics not intended for market distribution

Methodic assistance as a technological level of methodic guidance for professionally oriented foreign language education

The article deals with the problem of the methodic guidance for instructors who carry out professionally oriented foreign language education in non-linguistic universities. Based on the content-analysis of the concepts of “methodic guidance”, “methodic assistance”, “methodic support”, the levels of functioning of methodic assistance are determined. Using the empirical research methods and the methods of mathematical statistics, the significance and the necessity of the methodic assistance as a technological component of the methodic guidance is confirmed. The main aim of the methodic assistance is to minimize the difficulties in the work of the instructor and thereby to create the conditions for his personal and professional growth. The article also provides an example of the methodic assistance to an instructor for specific didactic and methodic maintenance of foreign language education in German for technical areas of training