Robust and secure resource management for automotive cyber-physical systems

2022 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.Modern vehicles are examples of complex cyber-physical systems with tens to hundreds of interconnected Electronic Control Units (ECUs) that manage various vehicular subsystems. With the shift towards autonomous driving, emerging vehicles are being characterized by an increase in the number of hardware ECUs, greater complexity of applications (software), and more sophisticated in-vehicle networks. These advances have resulted in numerous challenges that impact the reliability, security, and real-time performance of these emerging automotive systems. Some of the challenges include coping with computation and communication uncertainties (e.g., jitter), developing robust control software, detecting cyber-attacks, ensuring data integrity, and enabling confidentiality during communication. However, solutions to overcome these challenges incur additional overhead, which can catastrophically delay the execution of real-time automotive tasks and message transfers. Hence, there is a need for a holistic approach to a system-level solution for resource management in automotive cyber-physical systems that enables robust and secure automotive system design while satisfying a diverse set of system-wide constraints. ECUs in vehicles today run a variety of automotive applications ranging from simple vehicle window control to highly complex Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) applications. The aggressive attempts of automakers to make vehicles fully autonomous have increased the complexity and data rate requirements of applications and further led to the adoption of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) based techniques for improved perception and control. Additionally, modern vehicles are becoming increasingly connected with various external systems to realize more robust vehicle autonomy. These paradigm shifts have resulted in significant overheads in resource constrained ECUs and increased the complexity of the overall automotive system (including heterogeneous ECUs, network architectures, communication protocols, and applications), which has severe performance and safety implications on modern vehicles. The increased complexity of automotive systems introduces several computation and communication uncertainties in automotive subsystems that can cause delays in applications and messages, resulting in missed real-time deadlines. Missing deadlines for safety-critical automotive applications can be catastrophic, and this problem will be further aggravated in the case of future autonomous vehicles. Additionally, due to the harsh operating conditions (such as high temperatures, vibrations, and electromagnetic interference (EMI)) of automotive embedded systems, there is a significant risk to the integrity of the data that is exchanged between ECUs which can lead to faulty vehicle control. These challenges demand a more reliable design of automotive systems that is resilient to uncertainties and supports data integrity goals. Additionally, the increased connectivity of modern vehicles has made them highly vulnerable to various kinds of sophisticated security attacks. Hence, it is also vital to ensure the security of automotive systems, and it will become crucial as connected and autonomous vehicles become more ubiquitous. However, imposing security mechanisms on the resource constrained automotive systems can result in additional computation and communication overhead, potentially leading to further missed deadlines. Therefore, it is crucial to design techniques that incur very minimal overhead (lightweight) when trying to achieve the above-mentioned goals and ensure the real-time performance of the system. We address these issues by designing a holistic resource management framework called ROSETTA that enables robust and secure automotive cyber-physical system design while satisfying a diverse set of constraints related to reliability, security, real-time performance, and energy consumption. To achieve reliability goals, we have developed several techniques for reliability-aware scheduling and multi-level monitoring of signal integrity. To achieve security objectives, we have proposed a lightweight security framework that provides confidentiality and authenticity while meeting both security and real-time constraints. We have also introduced multiple deep learning based intrusion detection systems (IDS) to monitor and detect cyber-attacks in the in-vehicle network. Lastly, we have introduced novel techniques for jitter management and security management and deployed lightweight IDSs on resource constrained automotive ECUs while ensuring the real-time performance of the automotive systems

Ecosystem services and connectivity in spatial conservation prioritization

Peer reviewe

Spatial conservation planning for biodiversity and ecosystem services : from concepts and methods to policy agendas in the European Union

Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) is one of the greatest challenges of our times. The ultimate role of area-based conservation science and Systematic Conservation Planning is to inform on-the-ground spatial planning and decision-making. Computational methods and geographical data resources play an important role in spatial conservation prioritization, which is a frequently used analysis for identifying important areas for biodiversity, assessing present protected area networks, or designing future allocations for network expansions. Spatial data based on remote sensing, species distribution modelling, and citizen science have become available, allowing complex spatial analysis with large high-resolution data sets. Spatial conservation prioritization has introduced several concepts for identifying the best possible protected area network. Similarly, protected areas have been an integral part of international conventions, such as the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, which has set a quantitative objective for increasing the global protected area coverage to 17 per cent worldwide. Area-based conservation goals are often included in regional biodiversity conservation agendas, such as in the European Union s (EU) biodiversity strategy to 2020. While policies have increasingly adopted the ES approach for conservation, it is poorly understood how identification of ES priority areas should be integrated into spatial conservation planning. In this thesis, my objective is to dissect the concepts and principles guiding spatial conservation prioritization for biodiversity and ES. I introduce novel methodological solutions in the Zonation software for integrating ES into spatial prioritization. My results show that clarifying the underlying concepts can aid spatial conservation planning. This is crucial especially regarding ES and their successful operationalization in spatial prioritization. Prioritization should always consider demand and connectivity requirements of individual ES. Otherwise, assessments effectively identifying ES priority areas do not necessarily provide timely policy-relevant information. This work also provides insights on how spatial conservation prioritization, with Zonation applied on modeled high-resolution vertebrate species distribution data, can be used to successfully inform continent-wide conservation policies. The EU-wide Natura 2000 network of protected areas covers moderately well the distributions of a representative group of vertebrate species. Nevertheless, there is a potential efficiency to be gained from additional coordinated conservation planning and future protected area site revisions or additions. While prioritization techniques with explicit spatial data are effective in identifying spatial priorities at the continental scale, conservation efficiency should be considered as part of a wider socio-ecological system. Ultimately, while ES bring spatial conservation planning closer to general land use planning, this work highlights the importance of considering complementary conservation mechanisms and finding more integrative approaches for sustainable land use planning.Luonnon monimuotoisuuden ja ekosysteemipalveluiden suojelu on yksi aikamme suurimpia haasteita. Systemaattinen suojelusuunnittelu kehittyi omaksi tieteenalaksi ennen vuosituhannen vaihdetta ja esitteli erillisen paikkatietoa ja laskennallisia menetelmiä hyödyntävän analyysin, spatiaalisen suojelupriorisoinnin. Sen tavoitteena oli alun perin tunnistaa kustannustehokkaasti luontoarvoiltaan monipuolisia ja luonnonsuojeluun sopivia alueita. Luonnonsuojelualueet ovat herättäneet paljon keskustelua myös politiikassa. Esimerkiksi Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien luonnon monimuotoisuutta koskevassa yleissopimuksessa on tavoitteena suojella 17 prosenttia maapallon pinta-alasta. Muita pinta-alaan perustuvia suojelutavoitteita on sisällytetty myös alueellisiin luonnonsuojeluohjelmiin, kuten esimerkiksi Euroopan Unionin (EU) biodiversiteettistrategiaan. Viime aikoina luonnonsuojelupolitiikka on myös alkanut huomioida ekosysteemipalveluja. Sen sijaan ei ole vielä selvää, miten ekosysteemipalveluille voidaan tunnistaa niiden suojelukäyttöön sopivia alueita. Väitöskirjatutkimukseni pyrkii keskustelemaan, mitkä spatiaalisen suojelupriorisoinnin käsitteet ja menetelmät nousevat keskeisiksi kun tunnistetaan luontoarvoiltaan ja ekosysteemipalveluiltaan arvokkaita alueita. Väitöskirjani arvioi EU:n biodiversiteettistrategian tärkeintä spatiaalista suojelutyökalua, Natura 2000-luonnonsuojelualueverkostoa, käyttämällä menetelmänä spatiaalista priorisointia ja erityisesti Zonation suojelu- ja maankäytön suunnitteluohjelmaa. Tulokseni osoittavat, että suojelusuunnittelun käsitteiden syvällinen ymmärtäminen ja selventäminen voi edistää sekä priorisointimenetelmien kehittymistä että käytännön suunnittelua. Käsitteiden selkeys on erityisen tärkeää tulosten välittämisessä eri sidosryhmille, mutta erityisesti ekosysteemipalveluiden integroimisessa osaksi suojelusuunnittelua. Ekosysteemipalvelut voidaan sisällyttää yksittäisinä piirrekerroksina suojelupriorisointeihin laji- ja habitaattitietojen rinnalle. Niiden erilaiset spatiaaliset kytkeytyvyysvaatimukset ja todellinen kysyntä olisi kuitenkin huomioitava, jotta priorisoinnit tuottaisivat politiikan ja suunnittelun kannalta mahdollisimman käyttökelpoisia tuloksia. Väitöskirjani tapaustutkimukset osoittavat, että spatiaalinen suojelupriorisointi menetelmänä, yhdessä eri lähteistä peräisin olevien korkealaatuisten paikkatietoaineistojen kanssa, onnistuu tarjoamaan käyttökelpoista tietoa EU-laajuiseen luonnonsuojelusuunnitteluun ja -politiikkaan. Nykyinen EU-laajuinen Natura 2000-verkosto onnistuu suhteellisen hyvin suojelemaan edustavan määrän selkärankaisia lajeja. Suojelupriorisoinnin avulla voidaan tehokkaasti tunnistaa potentiaalisia alueita luonnonsuojelualueverkoston laajentamiseen. Myös yhteistoiminnallisella rajoja ylittävällä suojelusuunnittelulla pystytään lisäämään suojelun tehokkuutta. Toisaalta luonnonsuojelualueet ja niiden kustannustehokkuus tulisi ymmärtää osana laajempaa sosio-ekologista järjestelmää. Väitöskirjatyöni antaa esimerkkejä siitä, kuinka ekosysteemipalvelut tuovat spatiaalisen suojelusuunnittelun lähemmäs yleistä maankäytön suunnittelua. Suojelusuunnittelu tieteenalana hyötyisi todennäköisesti integroivista, ekologisen ja sosiaalisen kestävyyden huomioivista näkökulmista

Experimental study and optimization of the machining parameters in ultrasonic vibrationassisted turning (UVT)

In recent year’s applications of hard materials in different industries, like aviation, defense and petrochemicals sectors etc. have been increased remarkably. The machining of these hard materials is very difficult in conventional turning process. Ultrasonic assisted turning is a suitable and advanced process for machining hard and brittle material because of its periodic cutting mechanism. In the present work, an ultrasonic vibratory tool (UVT) is designed and analyzed using ANSYS® environment for calculation of its natural frequency and working amplitude of vibration. An ultrasonic assisted turning system is designed in consideration of cutting tool as a cantilever beam. Experimental study has been carried out to find the difference between ultrasonic-assisted turning and conventional turning at different cutting conditions taking Stainless steel (a general purpose engineering material) as the work piece material. It is found that ultrasonic assisted turning reduces the surface roughness and cutting forces in comparison with conventional turning. It is well known that cutting forces and surface finish/ roughness are two major parameters which affect the productivity of the turning process. In the present work, Taguchi with TOPSIS method is used to optimize both forces and surface roughness to find the best possible machining parameters under the used experimental working conditions

"Sellanen rähee". Nuoren rakennustyöläisen identiteetin rakentuminen Raksanuoret-lehdessä

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Rakennusliiton nuorisojäsenten yhteisöllisen identiteetin rakentumista Raksanuoret-lehdessä. Tarkastelun tavoitteena on luonnostella, miten ja millaista identiteettiä alle 35-vuotiaista rakennusliittolaisista koostuvalle yhteisölle heidän omassa lehdessään rakennetaan. Se pyrkii vastaamaan kysymyksen, mitä ominaisuuksia yhteisön jäsenet pitävät itselleen tyypillisinä ja suotavina. Tarkastelu on toteutettu laadullisen sisällönanalyysin keinoin ja se pohjaa sosiaalisen konstruktivismin mukaiselle käsitykselle tiedosta. Laadullinen sisällönanalyysi pyrkii kuvailemaan tekstisisältöjä sanallisesti, pyrkien tuottamaan tutkittavasta ilmiöstä yleistettävissä olevan esityksen. Tarkastelun kohteena olivat Raksanuoret-lehdet 01/2009–01/2012, yhteensä seitsemän kappaletta. Tutkimuksen perusteella rakennusliittolaisen nuorisojäsenen, raksanuoren, identiteetin rakennuspalikoita näissä esityksissä ovat toverillisuus, urheilullisuus ja tunnollisuus. Työntekijänä raksanuori on ahkera ja tarkka, vapaa-ajalla hän etsii jännitystä ja kokeilee mielellään uusia aktiviteetteja. Raksanuori nauttii yhdessä tekemisestä ja olemisesta. Hän mieltää itsensä enemmän käsi- kuin teollisuustyöläiseksi. Raksanuori ei ole leimallisesti poliittinen tai luokkakantainen, mutta arvostaa muita työntekijöitä mieltäen työntekijäpuolen edut yhteneväisiksi alasta ja maasta riippumatta. Raksanuoren identiteetti on maskuliininen, mutta ei sukupuoleen sidottu. Tutkimus valottaa Raksanuoret-lehden kautta, miten yhteisöllisesti tuotetussa järjestölehdessä rakennetaan sen lukija- ja tekijäkunnan identiteettiä. Identiteetti piirtyy esiin sekä oman itsen että muiden yhteisön jäsenten esittämisen tavoissa ja sisällöissä. Tutkimuksen perusteella yhteisesti tunnustettu identiteetti on tässä tapausesimerkissä monipuolinen, mutta yhtenäinen. Yhteisesti hyväksytyssä ja tavoitellussa yhteisön jäsenen ideaalissa ei ole huomattavia murtumia tai ristiriitaisuuksia. Siltä osin Raksanuoret on tyypillinen järjestölehti epätyypillisestä tekoprosessistaan, jota tarkastelussa myös sivutaan, huolimatta. Asiasanat:järjestölehdet, ay-lehdet, identiteetti, yhteisö, luokka, sukupuol

Mobile Banking Application with Barcode Generation

Mobile phones have become a part in our day to day life; every smart phone user is using different variety of mobile applications for various purposes. In the banking sector mobile banking is playing a major role in transferring money electronically, and to manage accounts. But to create new account, to apply loans and credit cards, and to close accounts banking customers must go to website, to make it easy and to work on it everywhere this Mobile Banking Application is used. And to make transactions easily in shopping malls (Card less Transactions) this application generates a barcode in mobile application, this barcode is been scanned by retailer to make a transaction easy

Integrated teaching in medical education: undergraduate student’s perception

Background: Integrated teaching is an effective teaching method for the undergraduate medical students to achieve good knowledge and skills. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vertical integrated teaching.Method: Vertical integrated teaching was conducted on the topic “Nephrotic syndrome” for 2nd MBBS (5th semester) students. Departments which participated in the session were from Physiology, Biochemistry, Pathology and General Medicine. Faculty from each department was allotted 20 minutes for their topic. After completion of all the topics students were given feedback forms. The opinions were tabulated and analysed.Results: Most of the students opined that integrated teaching is useful in gaining knowledge (Understanding, concept clarity and better performance in exams) (79.7%) as well as skill-based learning (Workshops, laboratory, clinical exercises and case discussion) (84.4%).Conclusion: The study showed that undergraduate students agreed that integrated teaching is useful for them in gaining knowledge as well as skill

Clinical, histopathological and immunofluorescent study of vesicobullous lesions of skin

Background: Vesiculobullous diseases have been the focus of intensive investigation in recent years. However, these disorders are still associated with substantial morbidity, considerable mortality and impaired quality of life. Accurate diagnosis of vesiculobullous lesions of skin entails evaluation of clinical, histopathologic and immunofluorescence findings.Methods: Hospital based prospective study for a period of 24 months from August 2014 to July 2016 in the Department of Pathology at Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, India. Total of 50 patients aged 3-70 years with vesiculobullous lesions of both sexes attending the Department of Dermatology were selected and analysed clinically, histopathological examination and direct immunofluorescence (DIF).Results: In the present study, majority of patients presented between 51-60 yrs of age (32%) with male to female ratio of 1.08:1 and mean age of 46.02 years. Pemphigus vulgaris constituted the most common vesiculobullous disorder (32%) followed by bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus foliaceous, 18% each. Bullae were located intra epidermally in 68% and sub epidermally in 32% of the patients. DIF was positive in 80% of the cases. Overall clinicopathological correlation was established in 74%. Overall histopathological and direct immunofluorescence correlation was established in 78%. Out of 50 cases, 35 cases (70%) correlated clinically and histo-pathologically with direct immunofluorescence.Conclusions: In the present study, on histopathological examination alone pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris could be differentiated. Direct immunofluorescence was useful in differentiating epidermolysis bullosa acquisita from bullous pemphigoid which have similar histopathological picture. This study proves that direct immunofluorescence is confirmatory as well as diagnostic for vesiculobullous disorders