Prostaglandin D2 induces heme oxygenase-1 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) constitutes the blood–retinal barrier, whose function is impaired in various pathological conditions, including cerebral malaria, a lethal complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is abundantly produced in the brain to regulate sleep responses. Moreover, PGD2 is a potential factor derived from intra-erythrocyte falciparum parasites. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is important for iron homeostasis via catalysis of heme degradation to release iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin/bilirubin, and may influence iron supply to the intra-erythrocyte falciparum parasites. Here, we showed that treatment of human RPE cell lines, ARPE-19 and D407, with PGD2 significantly increased the expression levels of HO-1 mRNA, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Transient expression assays showed that PGD2 treatment increased the HO-1-gene promoter activity through the enhancer sequence, containing a Maf-recognition element. Thus, PGD2 may contribute to the maintenance of heme homeostasis in the brain by inducing HO-1 expression