Energy deposition of corpuscular radiation in the middle atmosphere

Main components of corpuscular radiation contributing to energy deposition (ED in eV/cu cm/s) in the atmosphere (10 to 100 km) are cosmic ray nuclei (CR - galactic and solar) and high energy electrons (HEE), mainly of magnetospheric origin. Galactic CR depending on solar cycle phase and latitude are dominant source of ED by corpuscular radiation below 50 to 60 km. Below 20 km secondaries must be assumed. More accurate treatment need assuming of individual HE solar flare particles, cut off rigidities in geomagnetic field and their changes during magnetospheric disturbances. Electrons E sub e greater than 30 keV of magnetospheric origin penetrating to atmosphere contribute to production rate below 100 km especially on night side. High temporal variability, local time dependence and complicated energy spectra lead to complicated structure of electron ED rate. Electrons of MeV energy found at geostationary orbit, pronouncing relation to solar and geomagnetic activity, cause maximum ED at 40 to 60 km. Monitoring the global distribution of ED by corpuscular radiation in middle atmosphere need continuing low altitude satellite measurements of both HEE and x ray BS from atmosphere as well as measurements of energy spectra and charge composition of HE solar flare particles

Some analytical properties of dissolving operators related with the Cauchy problem for a class of nonautonomous partial differential equations. Part 1

The analytical properties of dissolving operators related with the Cauchy problem for a class of nonautonomous partial differential equations in Hilbert spaces are studied using theory of bi-linear forms in respectively rigged Hilbert spaces triples. Theorems specifying the existence of a dissolving operator for a class of adiabatically perturbed nonautonomous partial differential equations are stated. Some applications of the results obtained are discussed

Satellite observations of lightning-induced hard X-ray flux enhancements in the conjugate region

Preliminary examination of October-December 2002 SONG (SOlar Neutron and Gamma rays) data aboard the Russian CORONAS-F (Complex Orbital Near-Earth Observations of the Activity of the Sun) low-altitude satellite has revealed many X-ray enhanced emissions (30–500 keV) in the slot region (<i>L</i> ~ 2–3) between the Earth's radiation belts. In one case, CORONAS-F data were analyzed when the intense hard X-ray emissions were seen westward of the South Atlantic Anomaly in a rather wide <i>L</i> shell range from 1.7 to 2.6. Enhanced fluxes observed on day 316 (12 November) were most likely associated with a Major Severe Weather Outbreak in Eastern USA, producing extensive lightning flashes, as was documented by simultaneous optical observations from space. We propose that whistler mode signals from these lightning discharges cause precipitation of energetic electrons from terrestrial trapped radiation belts, which, in turn, produce atmospheric X-rays in the Southern Hemisphere

Cosmic-ray transparency for a medium-latitude observatory

The access of cosmic-ray particles to a medium-latitude observatory is analysed fromresults coming fromthe numerical solution of the charged-particle motion in the geomagnetic field. Evaluations are performed mainly for the Lomnick´yˇSt´ıt neutron monitor location (LS: 2634 m a.s.l., geographic coordinates 49.20◦ N, 20.22◦ E), but some results for the Antarctic Laboratory for Cosmic Rays (LARC: 40 ma.s.l, 62.20◦ S and 301.04◦ E) are also given. Particular attention is paid to the variability of the magnetospheric screening appearing when the external magnetic field is added to the internal one

Antiproton modulation in the Heliosphere and AMS-02 antiproton over proton ratio prediction

We implemented a quasi time-dependent 2D stochastic model of solar modulation describing the transport of cosmic rays (CR) in the heliosphere. Our code can modulate the Local Interstellar Spectrum (LIS) of a generic charged particle (light cosmic ions and electrons), calculating the spectrum at 1AU. Several measurements of CR antiparticles have been performed. Here we focused our attention on the CR antiproton component and the antiproton over proton ratio. We show that our model, using the same heliospheric parameters for both particles, fit the observed anti-p/p ratio. We show a good agreement with BESS-97 and PAMELA data and make a prediction for the AMS-02 experiment

Solar energetic particles events observed by Prognoz-10 Intercosmos (May-October 1985)

On 26 April 1985, Intershock began observation of a solar energetic particle (SEP) event, resulting from a 3B solar flare which originated on 24 April. The following observation period was quiet with only a few weak increases of low-energy protons of several days duration. Two prominent SEP events occurred on 9 July 1985 (start 0133 UT, position S13, W25) and 17 July (no optical data, type II radio burst from 0333 to 0348 UT). These mass ejection and particle propagation episodes were studied on the basis of X-ray, radio, and energetic particle emissions