4 research outputs found
Late medieval sword from Lutomiersk-Koziówki 3a–c, Pabianice County
The paper deals with a late medieval longsword found during recent excavations
at Lutomiersk-Koziówki, Pabianice County. The slender, hexagonal blade tapering acutely towards the point was identified as a late variaton of Oakeshott’s type
XVII, the smooth-surfaced, slightly elongated pommel represents type T3, while
the simple guard square in cross-section with convolute both ends pertains type
1a. The carried out analyzes of organic, heavily-mineralized residues found on
the weapons surface were identified as remains of a scabbard and grip fittings.The handle cladding was made of ash wood and the scabbard slats of spruce
wood. The scabbard was coated with sheepskin of high quality. A piece of fabric,
which was lifted from the sword’s surface, was qualified as silk and considered
as coming from an attire of Italian origin. Quantative chemical composition and
possible method of blade’s manufacture are also presented and discussed, as well
as the conservation process, which the artifact underwent
Larcher. Renaissance. Cocard et Bicoquet : [photographie, tirage de démonstration] / [Atelier Nadar]
Background: The development of cell pattern in the surface cell layer of the shoot apex can be investigated in vivo
by use of a time-lapse confocal images, showing naked meristem in 3D in successive times. However, how this layer is
originated from apical initials and develops as a result of growth and divisions of their descendants, remains unknown.
This is an open area for computer modelling. A method to generate the surface cell layer is presented on the example
of the 3D paraboloidal shoot apical dome. In the used model the layer originates from three apical initials that meet
at the dome summit and develops through growth and cell divisions under the isotropic surface growth, defined by
the growth tensor. The cells, which are described by polyhedrons, divide anticlinally with the smallest division plane
that passes depending on the used mode through the cell center, or the point found randomly near this center. The
formation of the surface cell pattern is described with the attention being paid to activity of the apical initials and
fates of their descendants.
Results: The computer generated surface layer that included about 350 cells required about 1200 divisions of the
apical initials and their derivatives. The derivatives were arranged into three more or less equal clonal sectors composed
of cellular clones at different age. Each apical initial renewed itself 7–8 times to produce the sector. In the
shape and location and the cellular clones the following divisions of the initial were manifested. The application of the
random factor resulted in more realistic cell pattern in comparison to the pure mode. The cell divisions were analyzed
statistically on the top view. When all of the division walls were considered, their angular distribution was uniform,
whereas in the distribution that was limited to apical initials only, some preferences related to their arrangement at
the dome summit were observed.
Conclusions: The realistic surface cell pattern was obtained. The present method is a useful tool to generate surface
cell layer, study activity of initial cells and their derivatives, and how cell expansion and division are coordinated
during growth. We expect its further application to clarify the question of a number and permanence or impermanence
of initial cells, and possible relationship between their shape and oriented divisions, both on the ground of the
growth tensor approach