Tissue-Specificity of Gene Expression Diverges Slowly between Orthologs, and Rapidly between Paralogs.

The ortholog conjecture implies that functional similarity between orthologous genes is higher than between paralogs. It has been supported using levels of expression and Gene Ontology term analysis, although the evidence was rather weak and there were also conflicting reports. In this study on 12 species we provide strong evidence of high conservation in tissue-specificity between orthologs, in contrast to low conservation between within-species paralogs. This allows us to shed a new light on the evolution of gene expression patterns. While there have been several studies of the correlation of expression between species, little is known about the evolution of tissue-specificity itself. Ortholog tissue-specificity is strongly conserved between all tetrapod species, with the lowest Pearson correlation between mouse and frog at r = 0.66. Tissue-specificity correlation decreases strongly with divergence time. Paralogs in human show much lower conservation, even for recent Primate-specific paralogs. When both paralogs from ancient whole genome duplication tissue-specific paralogs are tissue-specific, it is often to different tissues, while other tissue-specific paralogs are mostly specific to the same tissue. The same patterns are observed using human or mouse as focal species, and are robust to choices of datasets and of thresholds. Our results support the following model of evolution: in the absence of duplication, tissue-specificity evolves slowly, and tissue-specific genes do not change their main tissue of expression; after small-scale duplication the less expressed paralog loses the ancestral specificity, leading to an immediate difference between paralogs; over time, both paralogs become more broadly expressed, but remain poorly correlated. Finally, there is a small number of paralog pairs which stay tissue-specific with the same main tissue of expression, for at least 300 million years

Tissue-Specific Evolution of Protein Coding Genes in Human and Mouse.

Protein-coding genes evolve at different rates, and the influence of different parameters, from gene size to expression level, has been extensively studied. While in yeast gene expression level is the major causal factor of gene evolutionary rate, the situation is more complex in animals. Here we investigate these relations further, especially taking in account gene expression in different organs as well as indirect correlations between parameters. We used RNA-seq data from two large datasets, covering 22 mouse tissues and 27 human tissues. Over all tissues, evolutionary rate only correlates weakly with levels and breadth of expression. The strongest explanatory factors of purifying selection are GC content, expression in many developmental stages, and expression in brain tissues. While the main component of evolutionary rate is purifying selection, we also find tissue-specific patterns for sites under neutral evolution and for positive selection. We observe fast evolution of genes expressed in testis, but also in other tissues, notably liver, which are explained by weak purifying selection rather than by positive selection

Specifics of daily blood pressure monitoring in patients with systemic hypertension and obstructive sleep apnoea: a case-control study

Background. The comorbidity of arterial hypertension (AH) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is becoming increasingly common in clinical practice. However, the priority strategy for selecting antihypertensive therapy in such patients is yet to be defined. 24-hour blood pressure monitoring is important for determining an approach to controlling hypertension.Objectives. To study specific features of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring in comorbid AH– OSA patients.Methods. A total of 130 AH patients were surveyed. The main cohort (1) included AH–OSA patients (n = 90, mean age 54.93 ± 1.04 years), control cohort (2) — non-OSA AH patients (n = 40, mean age 57.92 ± 1.29 years). All patients had a general clinical examination with 24-hour blood pressure monitoring. OSA was verified in overnight respiratory polygraphy using an Alice PDx diagnostic appliance (USA).Results. The following specific features of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring were identified in the comorbid patients: a statistically significant growth of mean 24-hour systolic and average BP, as well as mean nocturnal systolic, diastolic and average BP; a statistically significant growth of mean 24-hour systolic, diastolic and average BP load indices. In addition, the AH-OSA patients had the statistically higher pulse pressure, systolic and average BP variability, as well as morning BP surge rate. The 24-hour BP dynamics in OSA patients had predominant morbid profiles and higher non-dipper and night-peaker rates compared to the control cohort.Conclusion. The identified specific features reflect a high risk of adverse cardiovascular events in AH–OSA comorbid patients, an earlier damage of target organs and negative prognosis of comorbidity, which warrants a further analysis of AH-specific clinical picture and personalisation of blood pressure control measures in such patients

Symptoms of sexual dysfunction in men with chronic patient patial syndrome / chronic prostatit of III type and depression

Introduction. With CPPS / CP III, symptoms of sexual dysfunction and mental pathology are often simultaneously detected.Goal. Analysis of sexual dysfunction in patients with CPPS / CP IIIA, CPPS / CP IIIB and the existing affective pathology, comparing these groups of patients with CPAP / CP IIIA and IIIB with each other.Materials and methods. 65 men with type III CPAP / CP were examined, 41 patients were included, which comprised 2 comparison groups: 12 patients with CPPS / CP IIIA (group 1) and 29 patients with CPPS / CP IIIB - group 2. All patients did not have testosterone abnormalities, did not respond to standard urological therapy. Diagnosis of mental disorder and sexual dysfunction was established clinico-psychopathologically, the «International Index of Erectile Dysfunction» (ICEF) scale was applied; the severity of the pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Statistical calculations were performed in the R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, version 3.2.Results. Patients of both groups were diagnosed with a primary depressive episode in the 1st comparison group - 75%, in the 2nd comparison group in 80%; depressive episode within the recurrent (recurrent) depressive disorder - in the 1 group 25%, in the 2 group 7%, in the bipolar affective disorder only in the 1 group - 7%; 1 obsessive-compulsive disorder (Table 1) was diagnosed in 1 patient (3%) in the 2nd group. In both groups, moderate episodes of moderate severity predominated-92% in group 1 and 62% in group 2; Depressive episodes of mild degree were 8% in 1 group and 28% in 2 comparison groups; A severe depressive episode was observed only in the 2nd comparison group at 7%. Erectile dysfunction was detected in 75% of patients in group 1, 93% in patients in group 2, premature ejaculation in group 1 in 58%, in group 2 in 45% of patients, reduction in libido in group 1 in 92%, in group 2 in 100%, pain during the ejaculation in group 1 was presented by 33%, in the 2nd group in 28% of men.Discussion and conclusions. Erectile dysfunction and decreased libido prevailed in patients of both comparison groups, were observed against the background of depressive episodes and, possibly, can be regarded as symptoms of disruption of vital functions within the atypical depressive syndrome of depressive disorders in both groups. ED, decreased libido (sexual desire, desire and attraction), premature ejaculation, general dissatisfaction with sexual intercourse were observed in both groups of patients with CPPS / CP III against a background of depressive episodes, comparing the frequency of occurrence of symptoms of sexual dysfunction does not reveal significant differences in the compared groups. It is advisable to further study the symptoms of sexual dysfunction in CPPS / CP III and psychopathology, their development in the length of the disease, and the relationship for the development of comprehensive CPPS / CP III therapy

Logistic regression model for predicting failure of dual antihypertensive therapy: a prospective comparative non-randomized clinical trial

Background. Initial dual antihypertensive therapy is currently considered as the first management step for the majority of patients with arterial hypertension. However, it often fails to achieve the target blood pressure levels. An approved algorithm for predicting the failure of dual antihypertensive therapy is still to be developed. Objectives. To establish predictors of dual antihypertensive therapy failure in patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk and to create a model for predicting negative outcome of dual antihypertensive therapy. Methods. The paper presents a prospective comparative non-randomized clinical trial. The recruiting of participants and recording of results were carried out in March–December 2019 with 3 months of the follow-up period. The trial involved examination of 88 patients with poor blood pressure control, stage II and III arterial hypertension, high and very high cardiovascular risk of stages 1–3. Clinical and laboratory examination was carried out in compliance with the current regulatory documents. Additional examination included tests for uric acid, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, as well as respiratory polygraphy and computerized capillaroscopy. All patients were prescribed dual antihypertensive therapy. The primary search for predictors was performed using the binary logistic regression. The predictive model was developed by stepwise variable selection. The diagnostic significance of the binary classifier was assessed by means of ROC-curve analysis; the calculation was performed using MedCalc 20.218 software (MedCalc Software Ltd., Belgium). Results. Administration of two hypotensive drugs appears to be effective in 33% of patients. The final model for predicting negative outcomes of dual antihypertensive therapy included such independent predictors as interventricular septal thickness, daily mean systolic blood pressure, and area density of the capillary network. The odds ratio accounted for 9.1 (95% confidence interval 3.12; 26.82). The area under the ROC curve based on the multiple binary logistic regression model comprised 0.805±0.05 with 95% confidence interval: 0.707-0.882 (p<0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of the method amounted to 83.1 and 69.0%, respectively. The prediction accuracy comprised 77.3%. Conclusion. The development of patient-oriented algorithms for selection of hypotensive treatment is considered to be essential due to poor blood pressure control during dual antihypertensive therapy. The developed prognostic model may be applied when managing hypertension

Дослідження впливу фітозбору лікарських рослин на функціональні показники серцево-судинної системи

A phytocomposition based on roots of wild rose for the treatment of functional disorders of the cardiovascular system is designed, the application performance is improved vascular tone and cardiac students with special physical training group who were registered with diagnosis of vegetative-vascular dystonia and neurocirculatory dystonia.Предложен фитосбор для лечения функциональных нарушений сердечно-сосудистой системы, применение которого улучшало показатели сосудистого тонуса и сердечной деятельности у студентов специальной группы по физической культуре, находившихся на учете с диагнозами вегетососудистая и нейроциркуляторная дистонии.Запропоновано фітозбір на основі коренів шипшини для лікування функціональних порушень серцево-судинної системи, застосування якого покращувало показники судинного тонусу та серцевої діяльності у студентів спеціальної групи з фізичної культури, що знаходилися на обліку з діагнозами вегето-судинна та нейроциркуляторна дистонії.

Genetic factors in the development of pulmonary embolism

The article presents a literature review on the study of the relationship of FGA, FGB, F2, F5, PAI, ITGA2 gene polymorphisms with the development of pulmonary embolism (PE). We concluded that genetic factors in the development of PE are to a greater extent mutations in the F2, F5, PAI, ITGA2 genes. There is a positive correlation between the presence of combined genetic mutations and the development of PE. The study of allelic polymorphism of hemostasis genes makes it possible to predict coagulation system disorders, including PE

The role of zoophilous flies in the spread of zoonoses in cattle breeding farms of the Ivanovo region and measures to combat them

The purpose of the research is to study the fauna of zoophilous flies on the territory of the farms of the Palekh district of the Ivanovo region, to determine the comparative effectiveness of insecticidal preparations and the duration of their action; establish the role of zoophilous flies in the spread of helminth eggs and protozoan oocysts.Materials and methods. The faunistic collection of zoophilous flies was carried out in calf dispensaries of livestock farms in the farms of the Palekh district of the Ivanovo region. The species of zoophilic flies was determined at the Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Ivanovo State Agricultural Academy. The comparative effectiveness of insecticidal preparations was carried out.Results and discussion. The fauna of zoophilic flies on cattle farms in the farms of the Ivanovo region of the Palekh district is represented by three families: Muscidae (92.78%), Calliphoridae (1.16%), Scatophagidae (5.69%). They are equally contaminated with eggs of pathogens of helminthoses and oocysts of pathogens of protozooses, and their role in the spread of helminthosis and protozoosis is determined by the index of dominance in the fauna of livestock buildings. The fastest effect of acute insecticidal action was observed in the drug with AD imidacloprid – 4 min. after contact of insects with treated surfaces of objects. In preparations with AD, thiamethoxam and cypermethrin showed insecticidal properties after 8 min. The longest insecticidal effect was observed in the drug with AD imidacloprid; it was 13 days, while for drugs with DV thiamethoxam and cypermethrin - a little more than half of this period

Experience in the control of nematodirosis of calves on the Ivanovo Region farms and the economic justification of anthelmintics

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy against gastrointestinal Strongylata infections of cattle and to give an economic justification for their use in Yaroslavl calves.Materials and methods. The studies were performed on the Ivanovo Region farms in 2018–2020. To determine the helminth infection in cattle, 604 animals undergone a coprological survey. The faeces were examined by the Fülleborn and Berman- Orlov methods. To determine the therapeutic efficacy of anthelmintics, 4 groups of animals spontaneously infected with Nematodirus sp. were formed. The first group of calves was dewormed with a drug containing 20% albendazole. The second group of animals received a drug containing eprinomectin, and the third, a combined anthelmintic containing praziquantel and ivermectin. The fourth group of calves was dewormed with an ivermectin containing drug. Results and discussion. On the Ivanovo Region farms, nematodirosis was recorded in the calves aged 6–12 months; the infection prevalence was 75.3% with an average intensity of 31.04±0.77 egg specimens in 1 g of faeces. The diets for calves on all of the farms were approximately the same; the average daily weight gain of the calves was 251.10±0.54 g. Drugs with the active substance of 20 % albendazole, eprinomectin, praziquantel + ivermectin, and ivermectin showed 100% extenseeffectiveness and intense-effectiveness. The release of the calves from Nematodirus spp. allowed to increase the average daily gain in the body weight of the Yaroslavl calves to 650±0.40 g. The applied anthelmintics showed an economic efficacy of RUB 12.7-13.1 for RUB 1 of costs