Factors associated with rectal pH among men who have sex with men

Background Rectal chlamydia treatment failures up to 22% with azithromycin 1 g have been reported, but low tissue concentrations are unlikely to be the cause. Anecdotally, low rectal pH could reduce rectal azithromycin concentrations, with in vitro studies reporting higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) with lower pHs for antibiotics used to treat sexually transmissible infections (STIs). Leucocytes arising from an inflammatory immune response could also lower pH and efficacy. We examined factors that may alter rectal pH and potentially influence treatment outcomes. METHODS: We recruited consecutive men who have sex with men (MSM) from a Dutch STI clinic between October 2016 and July 2018 who had not used antibiotics in the past fortnight. Rectal mucus collected under anoscopy using a cotton swab was used to wet a pH indicator strip. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of pH <8.0 to demographic, dietary, sexual health and behaviour data, recent medication use and STI diagnosis. RESULTS: In total, 112 MSM were recruited (median age 37 years). It was found that 45% and 39% of men were HIV positive or had a rectal infection, respectively. And 50% had a rectal pH <8.0, with 27% reporting a pH between 6.0 and 6.5 where treatment failure is thought to occur for azithromycin. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of a pH <8.0 showed that being aged 36-45 years (OR 6.7; 95%CI: 1.9-23.4) or having high rectal leucocytes in a Gram smear (OR 0.3; 95%CI: 0.1-0.7) were significantly associated with a low and high rectal pH, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Lower rectal pH among MSM is associated with older age and could influence the rectal pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and other drugs influenced by pH and may therefore affect treatment outcomes

Contribution of general practitioners and sexual health centres to sexually transmitted infection consultations in five Dutch regions using laboratory data of Chlamydia trachomatis testing

Effective sexually transmitted infection (STI) control requires opportunities for appropriate testing, counselling and treatment. In the Netherlands, people may attend general practitioners (GPs) and sexual health centres (SHCs; also known as STI clinics) for STI consultations. We assessed the contribution of GPs and SHCs to STI consultations in five Dutch regions with different urbanization levels, using data of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) testing. Data (2011–2016) were retrieved from laboratories, aggregated by gender and age group (15–24 and 25–64 years). Results show that test rates and GP contribution varied widely between regions. GP contribution decreased over time in Amsterdam (60–48%), Twente (79–61%), Maastricht (60–50%) and Northeast-Netherlands (82–77%), but not in Rotterdam (65–67%). Decreases resulted from increases in SHC test rates and slight decreases in GP test rates. GPs performed more tests for women and those aged 25–64 years compared to SHCs (relative risks ranging from 1.49 to 4.76 and 1.58 to 7.43, respectively). The average yearly urogenital CT positivity rate was 9.2% at GPs and 10.7% at SHCs. Overall, GPs accounted for most STI consultations, yet SHC contribution increased. Continued focus on good quality STI care at GPs is essential, as increasing demands for care can not be entirely covered by SHCs

Contribution of general practitioners and sexual health centres to sexually transmitted infection consultations in five Dutch regions using laboratory data of Chlamydia trachomatis testing

Effective sexually transmitted infection (STI) control requires opportunities for appropriate testing, counselling and treatment. In the Netherlands, people may attend general practitioners (GPs) and sexual health centres (SHCs; also known as STI clinics) for STI consultations. We assessed the contribution of GPs and SHCs to STI consultations in five Dutch regions with different urbanization levels, using data of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) testing. Data (2011–2016) were retrieved from laboratories, aggregated by gender and age group (15–24 and 25–64 years). Results show that test rates and GP contribution varied widely between regions. GP contribution decreased over time in Amsterdam (60–48%), Twente (79–61%), Maastricht (60–50%) and Northeast-Netherlands (82–77%), but not in Rotterdam (65–67%). Decreases resulted from increases in SHC test rates and slight decreases in GP test rates. GPs performed more tests for women and those aged 25–64 years compared to SHCs (relative risks ranging from 1.49 to 4.76 and 1.58 to 7.43, respectively). The average yearly urogenital CT positivity rate was 9.2% at GPs and 10.7% at SHCs. Overall, GPs accounted for most STI consultations, yet SHC contribution increased. Continued focus on good quality STI care at GPs is essential, as increasing demands for care can not be entirely covered by SHCs