26 research outputs found

    Imprescriptibilidad y terrorismo: quo vademus?.

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    Como es sabido, el 23 de junio de 2010 se publicó en el Boletín Oficial del Estado la Ley Orgánica 5/2010, de 22 de junio, por la que se modificó la Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal. De acuerdo con lo dispuesto en la Disposición final séptima, la LO 5/2010, de 22 de junio, entró en vigor a los seis meses de su completa publicación en el Boletín Oficial del Estado, esto es, el 23 de diciembre de 2010. Una de las instituciones de la Parte General del Código penal que se vio sometida a más relevantes modificaciones, con no menos relevantes consecuencias prácticas, fue la prescripción del delito. Cuatro son, fundamentalmente, las novedades introducidas en la materia por la LO 5/2010. Por una parte, se modifica el ámbito de aplicación de la regla de la imprescriptibilidad (art. 131.4 CP). Por otra, se elimina el plazo de prescripción de tres años, pasando a prescribir a los cinco años los delitos que lo hacían a los tres (art. 131, párr. 4º CP). En tercer lugar, se introduce una nueva regla de determinación del plazo de prescripción en caso de concurso de delitos y de delitos conexos (art. 131.5 CP) Y, por último, se modifica el régimen de interrupción de la prescripción (art. 132.2 CP). Las líneas que siguen tienen como objetivo exponer los rasgos fundamentales de la primera de estas novedades legales, así como formular algunas observaciones críticas sobre las mismas. En las mismas se demostrará hasta qué punto está influyendo el populismo punitivista y la vía retribucionista del Derecho penal internacional en el alcance de cláusulas de imprescriptibilidad como la prevista en el art. 131.4 CP

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    An atmosphere-ocean model for integrated assessment of global change

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    This paper describes the atmosphere-ocean system of the integrated model IMAGE 2.0. The system consists of four linked models, for atmospheric composition, atmospheric climate, ocean climate and for ocean biosphere and chemistry. The first model is globally averaged, the latter are zonally averaged with additional resolution in the vertical. The models reflect a compromise between describing the physical, chemical and biological processes and moderate computational requirements. The system is validated with direct observations for current conditions (climate, chemistry) and is consistent with results from General Circulation Model experiments. The system is used in the integrated setting of the IMAGE 2.0 model to give transient climate projections. Global surface temperature is simulated to increase by 2.5 K over the next century for socio-economic scenarios with continuing economic and population growth. In a scenario study with reduced ocean circulation, the climate system and the global C cycle are found to be appreciably sensitive to such changes

    Monitoring van het voor vogels oogstbare voedselaanbod in de kombergingen van het Pinkegat en Zoutkamperlaag

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    De gaswinning vanaf de locaties Moddergat, Lauwersoog en Vierhuizen kan effecten hebben op het Natura 2000 gebied Waddenzee. Uit voorzorg vindt de winning plaats volgens het ‘Hand aan de kraan’ principe. In dat kader vindt een uitgebreide monitoring plaats van biotische en abiotische parameters, om te controleren of gaswinning vanaf de bovengenoemde locaties geen meetbaar nadelig effect heeft op de instandhoudingsdoelstellingen van de speciale beschermingzone Waddenzee, waaronder een groot aantal vogelsoorten waarvoor het gebied is aangewezen

    Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Orchid Fruit Development

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    Efficient seed dispersal in flowering plants is enabled by the development of fruits, which can be either dehiscent or indehiscent. Dehiscent fruits open at maturity to shatter the seeds, while indehiscent fruits do not open and the seeds are dispersed in various ways. The diversity in fruit morphology and seed shattering mechanisms is enormous within the flowering plants. How these different fruit types develop and which molecular networks are driving fruit diversification is still largely unknown, despite progress in eudicot model species. The orchid family, known for its astonishing floral diversity, displays a huge variation in fruit dehiscence types, which have been poorly investigated. We undertook a combined approach to understand fruit morphology and dehiscence in different orchid species to get more insight into the molecular network that underlies orchid fruit development. We describe fruit development in detail for the epiphytic orchid species Erycina pusilla and compare it to two terrestrial orchid species: Cynorkis fastigiata and Epipactis helleborine. Our anatomical analysis provides further evidence for the split carpel model, which explains the presence of three fertile and three sterile valves in most orchid species. Interesting differences were observed in the lignification patterns of the dehiscence zones. While C. fastigiata and E. helleborine develop a lignified layer at the valve boundaries, E. pusilla fruits did not lignify at these boundaries, but formed a cuticle-like layer instead. We characterized orthologs of fruit-associated MADS-domain transcription factors and of the Arabidopsis dehiscence-related genes INDEHISCENT (IND)/HECATE 3 (HEC3), REPLUMLESS (RPL) and SPATULA (SPT)/ALCATRAZ (ALC) in E. pusilla, and found that the key players of the eudicot fruit regulatory network appear well-conserved in monocots. Protein-protein interaction studies revealed that MADS-domain complexes comprised of FRUITFULL (FUL), SEPALLATA (SEP) and AGAMOUS (AG) /SHATTERPROOF (SHP) orthologs can also be formed in E. pusilla, and that the expression of HEC3, RPL, and SPT can be associated with dehiscence zone development similar to Arabidopsis. Our expression analysis also indicates differences, however, which may underlie fruit divergence
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