D4.1 Status: legal/regulatory barriers for transboundary CO2 ship transport

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Sykepleieren i relasjon med den alvorlig syke pasienten

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this exercise was to explore the nurses’ experiences in relation to the seriously ill patient. Good interpersonal relationships are described as being the “core” of the nursing profession and also as a central value in other aspects of healthcare provision. The purpose of investigating this relationship was to bring forth the nurses’ experiences, which can be important in terms of addressing the needs of experienced nurses as well as to prepare nursing students and newly qualified staff for the challenges presented by this type of work. Literature review: Prior research reveals an ambiguity in the nurses’ experiences in connection with the seriously ill patient; in other words, the most demanding experience can also be the one that gives the most to the carer. The nurses’ capacity for involvement appears to be dependent on experience and maturity and is perceived by the nurses as being central in their relationship with the patient. The nurses’ relationship with the seriously ill patient is tied in with knowledge of self as well as professional and personal development. Method: This is a qualitative study and the data collected take the form of semi-structured, depth interviews. A theoretical analysis was undertaken with starting point in Schibbye’s “Dialectic-relations-theory”. The terms used were: ”Recognition”, ”self-delimitation”, ”wondering” and ”self-reflection”. The procedure followed was an adaptation of Malterud’s analysis method: ”Systematic text condensing”. Results: 11 categories emerged in the analysis of the material: “Being with someone and seeing the other - and yourself”, “Acceptance of the other’s experience, but not always of their conclusions and choices”, “protection of the patient”, “reflection meetings”, “reflection as experience and personal process”, “conditions for reflection meetings”, “contrasts and indications”, “intimacy and distance”, “finding limits”, “experience and self-reflection”, “The difficult dialogue between honesty and hope”. Conclusion: The nurses may be affected, challenged and acknowledged in there relationship work and are understood to move, or balance, on a tightrope between various considerations/needs and/or relational positions where the solution is characterised more by “both-and” than “either-or”: • The nurse shall both “see” the other (I – you) and at the same time recognise and tolerate it (I – me). • The nurse shall both “be with” the other (I – you) and establish boundaries (I – me). • The nurse is with the patient but at the same time want to be “really” with the patient. • The nurse shall both understand the other (I – you) and at the same time consider the other (I – it). This work can be perceived as dialectic processes in the relational work with the patient

Energy and Cost Evaluation of A Low-temperature CO2 Capture Unit for IGCC plants

AbstractThe application of CO2 capture by liquefaction has been investigated for an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC). Two configurations of the process are developed–one supplying CO2 at conditions suitable for pipeline transport and the second one producing liquid CO2 suitable for ship transport. The liquefaction process for CO2 capture is more efficient and compact compared to Selexol process for providing CO2 suitable for ship transport as the separation and liquefaction units are integrated in the process presented in this work. An economic analysis performed shows that CO2 capture by liquefaction is more cost efficient than corresponding Selexol-based separation processes by 9–11% in terms of the levelized cost of electricity and 35–37% in terms of CO2 avoidance costs

High-purity H2 production with CO2 capture based on coal gasification

A novel hybrid concept is proposed, combining Pd-alloy membrane and low temperature separation technology, to produce pure H2 from gasified coal and capture the main part of the generated CO2. 75% of the H2 produced from gasification and water-gas shift is separated from the shifted syngas through H2-selective Pd-alloy membranes. After water removal, the H2-depleted, CO2-rich retentate stream is compressed and cooled, after which CO2 is condensed out at a purity level of ∼99%. The “waste” volatiles from the low-temperature CO2 separation constitute a low heating value syngas that is burnt in a gas turbine. The gas turbine with a steam bottoming cycle generates a surplus of electricity that could be employed for H2 liquefaction. Altogether, the concept has the potential to be developed into a stand-alone high-purity H2 production unit with CO2 capture, suitable e.g. for remote areas from where H2 and possibly also CO2 must be transported by ship. However, the investigations of three different process alternatives, as well as three membrane separator parameters, illustrate that there are many degrees of freedom in the proposed concept that require further analysis, both individually and how they interact, in order to establish an optimized and purposeful stand-alone H2 production concept.acceptedVersio

Preem CCS - Synthesis of main project findings and insights

The Preem-CCS project was a Swedish-Norwegian collaboration that investigated CO2 capture from the Preem refineries in Sweden, and subsequent ship transport of captured CO2 for permanent storage on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The project was conducted from early 2019 to beginning of 2022 and funding was provided by the Norwegian CLIMIT-Demo program via Gassnova, by the Swedish Energy Agency and by the participating industry and research partners (Preem, Aker Carbon Capture, SINTEF Energy Research, Chalmers University of Technology, and Equinor).This report summarizes the key findings of the project activities listed below:\ua0 -\ua0Pilot-scale testing of CO2 capture at the hydrogen production unit (HPU) at the Lysekil refinery using the Aker Carbon Capture (ACC) mobile test unit (MTU)\ua0 -\ua0In-depth investigation of energy efficiency opportunities along the CCS chain, including the use of residual heat at the Lysekil refinery site to satisfy the energy requirements for solvent regeneration\ua0 -\ua0Evaluation of the technical feasibility and cost evaluation of the CCS chain including CO2 capture and transportation by ship to storage facilities off the Norwegian west coast\ua0 -\ua0Investigation of relevant legal and regulatory aspects related to trans-border CO2 transport and storage and national emissions reduction commitments in Norway and SwedenThe report also discusses the next steps towards implementation of CCS at Preem refineries in Lysekil and Gothenburg

Comparison of technologies for CO2 capture from cement production—Part 1: Technical evaluation

A technical evaluation of CO 2 capture technologies when retrofitted to a cement plant is performed. The investigated technologies are the oxyfuel process, the chilled ammonia process, membrane-assisted CO 2 liquefaction, and the calcium looping process with tail-end and integrated configurations. For comparison, absorption with monoethanolamine (MEA) is used as reference technology. The focus of the evaluation is on emission abatement, energy performance, and retrofitability. All the investigated technologies perform better than the reference both in terms of emission abatement and energy consumption. The equivalent CO 2 avoided are 73–90%, while it is 64% for MEA, considering the average EU-28 electricity mix. The specific primary energy consumption for CO 2 avoided is 1.63–4.07 MJ/kg CO 2 , compared to 7.08 MJ/kg CO 2 for MEA. The calcium looping technologies have the highest emission abatement potential, while the oxyfuel process has the best energy performance. When it comes to retrofitability, the post-combustion technologies show significant advantages compared to the oxyfuel and to the integrated calcium looping technologies. Furthermore, the performance of the individual technologies shows strong dependencies on site-specific and plant-specific factors. Therefore, rather than identifying one single best technology, it is emphasized that CO 2 capture in the cement industry should be performed with a portfolio of capture technologies, where the preferred choice for each specific plant depends on local factors

Modeling and Performance of Gas Turbine Cycles with Various Means of Blade Cooling

A method for simulating the cooled gas turbine is demonstrated. Based on equations and other knowledge found in the literature, a first-law thermodynamic, non-dimensional model is established and implemented in the equation-solving, programmable software IPSEpro. Increasing the water vapor or carbon dioxide contents of the gas turbine hot gas is found not to have an impact on the Stanton number, which is employed for the modeling of the heat transfer to the blade. The model is validated using experimental data from an industrial gas turbine and data found in the literature, and is found to give results easily in concordance with the case with which it is matched. Based on the validation, a reference gas turbine is established and employed for various cycle calculations. First, it is shown how gas turbine efficiency can increase with decreased coolant temperature and with a decrease in the ratio of specific heats between hot gas and coolant. Simple-cycle simulations are done to illustrate the impact of coolant pre-cooling, cooling with humid air and cooling with steam. Due to its high specific heat, steam is shown to have the best capacity for cycle performance enhancement. For the single-pressure combined cycle, it is shown how steam for cooling of the first gas turbine vane can be flashed from the water leaving the economiser in a split stream boiler. This is found to give a considerable increase in cycle thermal efficiency (more than three percentage points), but the concept needs to be further evaluated in order to establish whether it is technically feasible. For the studies of the HAT cycle, the role of the compressor modeling is emphasized. For a compressor with a given geometry, extracting a reduced amount of air for cooling will give an increase in the pressure ratio, which will have a positive impact on the HAT cycle thermal efficiency, but it will also, in practice, lead to the surge margin being approached. For cooling with humid air, there will be no significant increase in the HAT cycle thermal efficiency if the compressor ratio is maintained constant. Designing gas turbine cycles with a high thermal efficiency is not a goal in itself; also good economic performance is important. The impact of cooled blades for the profitability of the gas-turbine based power plant is illustrated briefly, with focus on heat resistance versus materials cost and on compressor washing intervals

Industrial CO2 Capture Projects: Status, Lessons Learned and Needs for Progressing Towards Full-Scale Implementation

Existing CO2 capture projects are accumulating experience of adapting generalized results to individual projects, which will be extremely valuable for accelerating emerging CCS projects. Through knowledge-sharing, the CCUS Projects Network (CCUS PN) aims to speed up delivery of these technologies, which the European Commission recognizes as crucial to achieve the 2030 and 2050 climate targets. In this paper, we summarize learnings accumulated so far from industrial CO2 capture projects across Europe, including CO2 capture technology selection as well as CO2 capture project development and implementation. CO2 capture technologies are reaching maturity and defining the regulatory framework and providing tools for building a business case is becoming increasingly relevant for enabling full-scale implementation.publishedVersio

‘I`ll make a damn good nurse’ – A Qualitative Study of Coherence and Learning in Nursing Education

Strengthening the students’ perception of correlations between different forms of knowledge, education arenas and life spheres is an explicit goal in the education of professionals. However, the education is criticised for ignoring the value of students’ own life experiences when studying a discipline and developing a professional identity. This thesis sheds light on how nursing students themselves are working to create coherence between the theoretical and practical elements of the education, and between the content of the education and their life experiences as a whole. The thesis describes and analyses these processes through the application of narrative theory and socio-cultural learning theory. Based on empirical data from individual in-depth interviews and participant observation of nine students in the first part of the three-year Norwegian bachelor’s degree course in nursing, the themes and findings of the thesis are presented in three articles. The first two articles are based on the interview material, and use narrative theory and methodology to analyse how the students’ storytelling helps to create coherence between their personal experiences and the forms of knowledge and learning contexts that they encounter through their education. The analyses in the articles alternate between focusing on the content and structure of the students’ stories and the dynamic function of these stories as the individual student encounters the nursing course. In the last article, which is based on field notes from participant observation, a cultural analytical perspective is applied to the students’ patient-centred work in hospitals. Using key concepts of socio-cultural learning theory, the analyses show how the students’ participation in the communities of practice can be understood as part of a negotiation and meaning-making process, which in accordance with this perspective, is a characteristic of the learning process. Thus, the students’ stories and participation not only help to create coherence between different fields of knowledge and life spheres, but also contribute to the students’ ‘meaning making’ in, and identification with, nursing as a discipline and education. In the summary discussion of the thesis, the findings in the three published articles are discussed in light of the education’s dominant understanding of care and knowledge perspective. This raises questions about whether the profession’s understanding of knowledge and care inhibits the inclusion of the student’s specific educational experiences and experiences of life in general. The thesis concludes that the students’ ability to create meaning in and recognise coherence between learning arenas and life spheres are processes that have a large but so far relatively untapped potential in the nursing education

Case Study of Communication and Social Perceptions Towards CCS in the Cement Industry

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