¿Precisión lingüística o inteligibilidad? : el español oral de los Hungaroparlantes desde la perspectiva del profesor de ELE

En 2017, realizamos una investigación para ver si la precisión lingüística, la presencia natural de los marcadores discursivos o la pronunciación casi nativa juegan el papel más decisivo a la hora de juzgar la inteligibilidad del discurso oral de los estudiantes de ELE. Queríamos examinar cuál de estos tres aspectos contribuye a la aceptación más positiva por parte de hablantes nativos, por lo que evaluamos la opinión de 100 informantes nativos del español (incluidos 24 profesores de español) mediante una encuesta anónima en línea en la que tuvieron que evaluar 3 muestras orales de español producidas por tres estudiantes de español húngaroparlantes, respectivamente. Cada muestra se caracterizó por un punto fuerte y uno débil en relación con los tres aspectos mencionados anteriormente. Los resultados de nuestra investigación piloto confirmaron que, según los hablantes nativos de español sin calificación de profesor, los errores morfosintácticos pueden ser compensados por una buena pronunciación y un uso natural de los marcadores discursivos, si nos centramos en la inteligibilidad (o más bien, en su percepción). Sin embargo, todavía asocian el nivel de dominio de la lengua con la buena formación morfosintáctica. Si analizamos la opinión de los profesores nativos de español exclusivamente, vemos que nuestros 24 profesores nativos de español consideran la muestra morfosintácticamente correcta como la más inteligible, incluso si se caracteriza por una pronunciación incorrecta y la falta de marcadores discursivos. Contrastamos este resultado con la opinión de 24 profesores húngaros de español, pero en su caso, la muestra con el nivel más alto de dominio del idioma y el nivel más alto de inteligibilidad resultó ser la que no tenía rasgos transferidos del húngaro en la pronunciación y tenía una alta presencia de marcadores discursivos, pero lejos de ser morfosintácticamente correcta. In 2017 we conducted a research in order to see whether linguistic accuracy, the natural presence of discourse markers or near-native pronunciation plays the most decisive role when judging the intelligibility of language learners’ oral discourse. We wanted to examine which of these three aspects contribute to the most positive acceptance by native speakers, so we tested the opinion of 100 native informants of Spanish (including 24 Spanish language teachers) by an anonymous online survey in which they had to evaluate 3 Spanish oral samples produced by three different Hungarian learners of Spanish. Each sample was characterized by a strong point and a weak one concerning the three above mentioned aspects. It was attested by the results of our pilot research that according to non-teacher Spanish native speakers, morphosyntactic errors can be compensated by good pronunciation and a natural use of discourse markers, if we focus on intelligibility (or rather, on its perception). However, they still associate language proficiency level with morphosyntactic well-formedness. If we analyse the opinion of native Spanish language teachers separately, we see that our 24 native Spanish teachers considered the morphosyntactically correct sample the most intelligible, even if it was characterized by improper pronunciation and the lack of discourse markers. We contrasted this result with the opinion of 24 Hungarian Spanish teachers, but in their case, the sample with the highest level of language proficiency and the highest level of intelligibility happened to be the one with good pronunciation and a good number of discourse markers, but far from being morphosyntactically correct

Deposition of Perovskite Thin Layer with Electrospraying for Solar Cells

Perovskite is a promising material to create novel, economical solar cells as a competitor of traditional silicon-based ones. Electrospraying technique was used to create thin, homogenous, continuous perovskite film from precursor solution from minimal raw material. In this work we used methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solutions to electrospray on an indium tin oxide substrate at different temperatures. After optimizing the spraying parameters, quasi-homogeneous thin film was formed. Moreover, thermal, and solvent annealing helped to increase the crystal size and reduce porosity

Syntheses and structural plasticity of kratom pseudoindoxyl metabolites

Pain management is one of the oldest challenges for medicine. Although opioids have been used in the treatment of moderate-to-severe acute and chronic pain for centuries, they cause various adverse effects and addiction. The intertwined societal, economic and public health issues of pain management and the risks of opioid abuse continue to receive attention and drive the development of safer analgesics. Recently, a kratom metabolite, mitragynine pseudoindoxyl has attracted increasing attention as a promising analgesic alternative for pain management with considerably fewer side effects. Here, we describe the first enantioselective and scalable total synthesis of this natural product in addition to its C-20 epimeric congener, speciogynine pseudoindoxyl. The characteristic spiro-5-5-6 tricyclic system of these alkaloids is formed via a protecting group-free cascade relay process in which oxidized tryptamine and secologanin analogs are used. Furthermore, we uncovered that mitragynine pseudoindoxyl exists and acts not as a single molecular entity but as a dynamic ensemble of stereoisomers in protic environments, thus, it exhibits structural plasticity in biological systems. Accordingly, these synthetic, structural, and biological studies provide a basis for the planned design of mitragynine pseudoindoxyl analogs, which can guide the development of next-generation analgesics

Acute ethanol exposure increases the susceptibility of the donor hearts to ischemia/reperfusion injury after transplantation in rats.

BACKGROUND: Many donor organs come from youths involved in alcohol-related accidental death. The use of cardiac allografts for transplantation from donors after acute poisoning is still under discussion while acute ethanol intoxication is associated with myocardial functional and morphological changes. The aims of this work were 1) to evaluate in rats the time-course cardiac effects of acute ethanol-exposure and 2) to explore how its abuse by donors might affect recipients in cardiac pump function after transplantation. METHODS: Rats received saline or ethanol (3.45 g/kg, ip). We evaluated both the mechanical and electrical aspects of cardiac function 1 h, 6 h or 24 h after injection. Plasma cardiac troponin-T and glucose-levels were measured and histological examination of the myocardium was performed. In addition, heart transplantation was performed, in which donors received ethanol 6 h or 24 h prior to explantation. Graft function was measured 1 h or 24 h after transplantation. Myocardial TBARS-concentration was measured; mRNA and protein expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: Ethanol administration resulted in decreased load-dependent (-34 ± 9%) and load-independent (-33 ± 12%) contractility parameters, LV end-diastolic pressure and elevated blood glucose levels at 1 h, which were reversed to the level of controls after 6 h and 24 h. In contrast to systolic dysfunction, active relaxation and passive stiffness are slowly recovered or sustained during 24 h. Moreover, troponin-T-levels were increased at 1 h, 6 h and 24 h after ethanol injection. ST-segment elevation (+47 ± 10%), elongated QT-interval (+38 ± 4%), enlarged cardiomyocyte, DNA-strand breaks, increased both mRNA and protein levels of superoxide dismutase-1, glutathione peroxydase-4, cytochrome-c-oxidase and metalloproteinase-9 were observed 24 h following ethanol-exposure. After heart transplantation, decreased myocardial contractility and relaxation, oxidative stress and altered protein expression were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate acute alcohol abuse increases the susceptibility of donor hearts to ischemia/reperfusion in a rat heart transplant model even though the global contractile function recovers 6 h after ethanol-administration

The sequence for the forward (F) and reverse (R) primers (from 5′ to 3′) and Universal Probe Library (UPL) probes.

<p>Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-4, L-Type calcium-channel (α1c-subunit; Ca_v1.2), sodium-potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase (Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase), sarco(endo)plasmic Ca²⁺-ATPas (SERCA)-2, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS).</p

Effect of acute ethanol exposure on cardiac function.

<p>Assessment of (A) load-dependent (dP/dt_max) and (B) load-independent (dP/dt_max-EDV) contractility parameters revealed a significant decline only at 1 h in response to acute ethanol when compared with the control group. Whereas (C) maximal slope of the diastolic pressure decrement (dP/dt_min) 1 h and 6 h after ethanol administration was significantly decreased, (D) end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR) was significantly increased in rats treated with ethanol after 1 h, 6 h and 24 h. Eth indicates ethanol. *p<0.05 versus control.</p

Cardiac hemodynamic parameters.

<p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; LVESP: left-ventricular end-systolic pressure; LVEDP: left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure.</p>*<p>p<0.05 versus control;</p>#<p>p<0.05 versus ethanol 1 h.</p